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From Village to Empire Aim: What factors influenced the rise of Rome? Do Now: Analyzer the cartoon, “What conclusions can you draw from the cartoon?” 1.____________________________________________ 2.____________________________________________ 3.____________________________________________ Legend Abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by a SheWolf, the twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess decide to build a city near this spot. What type of religion do you think the early Roman’s practiced? Polytheistic Roman Mythology & Religion 1. Roman mythology a. Based on the Greek polytheistic religion b. Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events What geographic advantages did the city of Rome have? Ancient Rome begin as a group of villages along the Tiber River in what is now Italy. Around 750 B.C. these villages united to form the city of Rome. Developed because of strategic location Fertile soil important to the agriculture Built among seven hills along a bend in the Tiber River Midway between the Alps and Italy’s southern tip Located midpoint in the Mediterranean Sea As the city of Rome grew, their culture was influenced by their neighbors: The Etruscans and The Greeks The Etruscans controlled much of northern Italy between 800-600BCE The Greeks established cities in southern Italy and on Sicily Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch Political System • • • • • Greeks settle between 750 and 600 B.C Settle along southern coast and Sicily Develop prosperous and commercial activity Teach Romans to grow olives and grapes Romans borrow religious ideas (1) The Greek alphabet was adopted by the Etruscans and (2) the Etruscans changed it. Then (3) the Romans borrowed the Etruscan alphabet and changed it. Like the Greeks, Romans wrote in all capital letters Like the Greeks, Romans carved important documents like laws and treaties into bronze or stones Romans carved into walls and columns Roman authors were inspired by Greek mythology The early religion in Rome was a mixture of many influences From the Etruscans, Romans would celebrate religious rituals in founding their cities Romans had their own gods, but as they mixed with Greek mythology, similar god’s from each culture would be blended to make a Roman god Romans simply adopted some of the Greek gods as their own, and gave them Roman Names (Zeus = Jupiter; Aries = Mars) For Romans, mythology was less important than strict ritual for exact occasions. Greek pottery was admired by Etruscans and Romans Greek pottery was highly valued, used to store goods, and painted with figures, heroes, gods, etc. Romans took Greek artists into their homes, and Romans imitated Greek styles but created their own lively and realistic style Roman sculptors were skilled at creating lifelike statues Greeks built marble temples as homes for their gods. The Romans used columns and marble for their public buildings Began using cement to build Pantheon, the Coliseum, and the Circus Maximus The Romans adopted 2 bloody sports Slave Fighting and Chariot Racing (Also Greek) In Roman stadiums, slaves died fighting as gladiators – trained to fight for entertainment Drove the King out Rome in 509 B.C. • Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives • Officials are chosen “by the people”- citizens who have the right to vote • • . PATRICIANS PLEBIANS • Classes in Rome: Patricians, Plebeians, allies and slaves WOMEN Women could not partake in government decisions, office or voting Women did have some rights…. Slaves made up 1/3 of population Slave mostly war captives who were solely owned by citizens and had no rights SLAVES A Patriarchal Society: “Patria Potestas” (Power of a Father) Father assumed the power of life and death over his family Roman fathers conferred with a “council” of friends Women living in the shadow of men Aim: How was Roman society a democracy? Do Now: Write a response that answers the following question, “What does the statement tell you about the role of government in society? Explain your answer.” “I pledge allegiance to the flag, of the United States…to the republic, for which it stands…” In times of crisis, a Dictator assumed absolute power for six months Roman Republic ruled by 2 Consuls Enforced laws passed by the Senate Controlled the army Served 1 year terms Senate ruled the Roman Republic Only patricians could serve in the Senate Plebeians upset that they can’t serve in government but they fight in the army The Tribal Assembly The legislative body that represents the Plebeians Plebeian representatives called Tribunes They protect the rights of Plebeians Citizen Assemblies Only adult free males Women not citizens, under the guardianship of their fathers or husbands Discussion Questions: How was power distributed under the Roman Republic? Why was it difficult for one Consul to become supreme leader? How does the Roman Republic compare to Athenian democracy? Why might a direct democracy like Athens not succeed in a growing Republic like Rome? Are the 12 Tables and Hammurabi's Code similar? If so, how? Is Roman Republic government similar to any contemporary government? Use your knowledge of the United States Government and your notes on the Roman Republic to construct a graphic organizer which shows the similarities between the Roman Republic and the United States. You may work with a partner to complete this assignment Aim: What were the effects of Roman expansion? Do Now: Copy the question AND answer it in your notebook: Both the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans viewed foreigners as barbarians. This is an example of: 1. Cultural diffusion 2. Materialism 3. Imperialism 4. Ethnocentrism All citizens required to serve in the army – Citizen Soldier Military units = Legions (5,000) Legions divided into smaller groups of 80 = Century Organization/fighting skills were key to Rome’s rise to greatness Daily training: swimming, running, jumping, fencing and javelin throwing The main cause of the Punic Wars –clash between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. First Punic War Second Punic War Rome wins and forces Carthage to pay reparations Hannibal invades Italy through the Alps Beats Roman army at every turn but can never capture Rome invades Carthage & defeats Hannibal in the battle of Carthage forced to pay tribute to Rome again. Third Punic War Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and razed the city, becoming the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean. Inhabitants sold into slavery and salt is mixed into the soil Who was Hannibal? Hannibal was a brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge Cathage’s earlier defeat. Hannibal surprised the Romans in 218 BC by directly invading Italy after crossing the alps with, most famously, two dozen African war elephants Although Hannibal surprised the Romans and thoroughly beat them on the battlefields of Italy, he could not invade the crucial city of Rome itself, thus making him unable to draw the war to a decisive close. Rome’s victories in the Punic Wars gave it dominance in the Mediterranean world Rome conquers the eastern half Rome’s empire expands from Spain and Britain to Asia Minor Widened gap between rich and poor Wealthy bought huge estates called An influx of Slaves Prices of Grain fell because of inflation Large use of slave labor put many people out of work Small farmers fall into debt and sell land to rich owners. Poor farmers immigrated to the city looking for jobs. Greed and Corruption The Gracchi brothers were plebeians in the tribunes that attempted to pass land reform legislation. Redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians, in addition to other reform measures. Brought grains to the poor Results in the assassination of several of their supporters After achieving some early success, both were assassinated for their efforts. Growing turmoil within the republic was a breakdown of the once loyal military. Corruption: As the republic grew more unstable, generals began to seize power for themselves The poor was recruited and in exchange for their opportunity, their loyalty was to their commander, replacing citizen soldiers whose loyalty was ALWAYS to the republic. WHAT COULD BE THE PROBLEM WITH THIS? New Hellenized, urban culture Roman literature imitates Greek models --Terence Adopted fad of Greek bathing Shift in eating habits More opportunities for Roman aristocrats to enrich themselves politically and materially Demise of foreign enemies = loss of patriotism and Roman value of frugality Caesar’s key problem was ruling Rome alone without violating the oldest tradition of the republic: hatred of monarchy Caesar’s domestic accomplishments and honors The assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE) -- “The Ides of March” Roman literature and portraiture reflects these stormy years of political chaos Who were the Roman Emperors? How were elements of Roman life shaped by the decisions that these rulers formed? How do these decisions, as they were set forth, tell us why Rome was called an “empire”? Which of these emperors would you consider the most important? How would you rate the influence each of these emperors exacted on the Roman Empire? Advantages brought to Rome? Disadvantages brought to Rome? Did the move toward empire benefit the Roman civilization? Why or why not? Did the Roman Emperors benefit the Roman Empire? Why or why not? AIM: How did the Roman Republic evolve into an Empire that needed to be saved? Why do the actions and attitudes of principals tell us something about what is going on in our schools? Does this explain why people are concerned with how and why their leaders make decisions? Why or why not? 1. First TRIMVIRANT a. Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar b. Civil War ensues and Caesar is able to defeat Pompey 2. Julius Caesar is in control a. He is in control a very short time until he is ASSASSINATED by the Senate (44 B.C. in the Ides of March) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nuwEH-v0Bc 3. Second Triumvirate a. Lepidus, Marc Anthony, Octavius b. Civil war ensues and OCTAVIUS is triumphant c. Octavius is named Caesar Augustus, the “anointed one” d. He declared himself Principate or “first citizen”- NOT King or Emperor c. Octavius is named Caesar Augustus, the “anointed one” d. He declared himself Principate or “first citizen”- NOT King or Emperor Under his rule, Rome expanded and enjoyed a period of peace. Octavian was sole ruler of Rome after his forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium The Senate gave him the name “Augustus,” meaning “most high” 23 BCE – Octavian, now referred to as Augustus, was made consul for life by the Senate Also made “Princeps,” meaning “first citizen” Origin of the word “prince” Also made “Imperator,” meaning “successful general” Origin of the word “emperor” Also made “Pontifex Maximus,” or “chief religious leader Origin of the word “pontiff” (used to describe the pope today) Also made a tribune He had the power to call the Senate, veto the Senate’s laws, and make laws himself Attempted to reform public morals by promoting family life (largely unsuccessful). Began the practice of declaring emperors gods, and of picking their own successors. (He called Haley’s Comet the spirit of Caesar.) Built and maintained the empire’s infrastructure (e.g., roads). Encouraged the growth of business. Established fire and police departments for Rome. Established a strong money system. Said he “found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was born in the Roman province of Judea during the reign of Augustus. Extended citizenship to more and more provincials. 1. Period of almost 200 years full of peace and prosperity started by Augustus. a. Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond Complete control = almost no warfare It ended with Marcus Aurelius. 2. Characteristics of the Pax Romana were peace, order, and prosperity. Legions maintained the roads and protected the seas which increased trade Ideas flowed freely through the Empire Entertainment and festivals. a. b. c. a. b. Circus Maximus- Chariot Races Coliseum 1. Diocletian divides the empire in 284 AD into four smaller (and more manageable) parts, however he still had absolute control over the whole empire b. c. d. Brought prestige back to the position of Emperor Fixed food prices to slow down inflation Sons must follow the traditions of their fathers Emperor Diocletian had believed that dividing the empire for administrative purposes would strengthen the empire He was wrong Once Constantine set up Constantinople as a capital city, the east/west split deepened Western (Roman) Empire Ended officially in 476 CE when the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by a barbarian, Odoacer Eastern (Byzantine) Empire Lasted until 1453 when the empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor. a. Constantine reversed the persecutions and encouraged religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire. b. He even Converted to Christianity! c. He also is known for moving his capital in Constantinople to the city known at the time as Byzantium. The city is known today as Istanbul, Turkey. Do Now: Copy the following diagram into your notebook Economic Reasons • Gap between rich and poor • As fewer members of the lower classes could afford to buy goods (no purchasing power), manufacturing and trade declined • Large estates became selfsufficient, further hurting manufacturing and trade Military Reasons • Roman Republic • Armies were servants of Rome • Roman Empire • Armies made and unmade emperors • Reliance on barbarian troops • Not ultimately loyal to Rome • Could not be counted on to fight their fellow barbarians • Interested in obtaining booty, not defending Rome or furthering Rome’s interests Political Reasons • Decline in patriotism • Democracy did not exist in reality • Citizens lost their tie (voting rights) to the state • Patriotism became based on loyalty to an emperor, not to Rome • Most emperors did not inspire respect or loyalty • East/West split • Two empires created problems regarding loyalty • No orderly succession • Murders, forced suicides, and civil wars frequently accompanied the transition from one emperor to the next Social Reasons • Population decline • Hunger • Plagues • War • Decline in intellectual culture • People did not dedicate themselves to public service and intellectual pursuits • People instead spent their leisure time watching chariot races and gladiatorial contests • Religious divisions • Eastern and Egyptian cults took away the popularity and status of traditional Roman religion • New faiths like Christianity directly questioned and challenged concepts such as imperial divinity Law Public Works Started out as the 12 tables and evolved Roads, Aqueducts, bridges Language Law, medicine, and science Scientists have traditionally used Latin as a “universal language” Our scientific names, and most legal and medical terminology, is Latin Religion The Catholic Church preserved the Latin language Catholic masses were said in Latin until the 1960s Romance languages developed from Latin French Italian Portuguese Romanian Spanish Historians and Historical Writings Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) Commentaries on the Gallic Wars Cicero (106-43 BCE) Letters and orations Called the “Father of Latin prose” Tacitus (ca. 56-ca. 117 CE) Germania, about the Germanic tribes of Europe Annals and Histories, about the emperors of his time The spread of GrecoRoman culture The Concept of Roman Law --Roman Civil Law --ius gentium: “the law of the peoples” Roman law harmonized with the needs of a world empire and was discerned by reason 509 BC - Founding of Rome 146 BC – Rome conquers Greece 44 BC – Julius Caesar is assassinated (end of Republic) 27 BC – Caesar Augustus becomes first Roman Emperor 65 AD – Great fire in Rome (Nero is Emperor) 285 AD – Diocletian divides the Empire 313 AD - Constantine declares freedom of religion 476 AD – the last Roman Emperor (Western part) is driven from the throne Aim: What were the effects of Roman expansion? Do Now: Analyze the cartoon, “What conclusions can you draw from the cartoon?” 1.____________________________________________ 2.____________________________________________ 3.____________________________________________