Download topic 4 - biochemistry - part 1 - organic compounds

TOPIC 4: BIOCHEMISTRY
PART 1: TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

An ORGANIC COMPOUND is:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Living organisms are made up of many different types of organic compounds.

Organic compounds have many different jobs in living things:
o _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Organic compounds come in all shapes and sizes. Some organic compounds can be very big and
some are small.
o Small molecules are called: ______________________________________________________________________

These small subunits are able to link (or bond) together to form larger molecules.
o Large molecules are called: ______________________________________________________________________

A polymer can be made up of thousands of monomers linked together!

The linking up of many smaller molecules to form a polymer is called: ________________________________

The breaking down of a polymer into smaller monomers is called: ____________________________________
Chemical activities in our bodies are always putting things together and taking things apart.
All the chemical activities that occur in a living organism is called: ______________________________________
Ex) Break-down activity in the body = _________________________________________
Build-up activity in the body = _____________________________________________
4 FAMILIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN LIVING THINGS
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
1. CARBOHYDRATES
FUNCTIONS:
1)________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Hint: Think about why a runner might eat a big bowl of pasta the night before a big run!)
2) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP CARBOHYDRATES: _______________________________________________________________

Molecular formulas are generally multiples of ______________________

_____________ ratio of C: H : O
3 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
1. MONOSACCHARIDES: SIMPLE SUGARS

FUNCTION: ___________________________________________________________________________

End in: _______________

They are building blocks (________________________) of larger carbohydrates (_______________________)

STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES:
o Formula for monosaccharides = multiple of CH2O
o Have 3-6 carbons
o Can be linear or ring shaped

Examples:
o ___________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ___________________________________
Take a closer look at fructose and glucose:
Fructose (C6H12O6)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
(same formula but do these look the same?!)

That’s because glucose and fructose are __________________________________

ISOMERS:_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s look at glucose and fructose linearly to give you a better idea of what I mean:
2. DISACCHARIDES: DOUBLE SUGARS

FUNCTION: _______________________________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURE

___________ monosaccharides joined together.

How? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Examples of dehydration synthesis reactions that form disaccharides:
The opposite reactions are called: _____________________________________________________________________________
3. POLYSACCHARIDES: MANY SUGARS

FUNCTIONS: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Examples: __________________________________________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURE OF POLYSACCHARIDES
What do you notice about the relationship between monosaccharides and polysaccharides?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why do you think starch (polysaccharides) need to break down into smaller subunits (simple sugars) in
our bodies??
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER(MACROMOLECULE): ___________________________________________________________
MONOMER SUBUNIT (BUILDING BLOCKS) OF A CARBOHYDRATE: ________________________________________
*SO: Many carbohydrate subunits(monosaccarides)chemically bonded together form a polysaccharide!
2. LIPIDS
POLYMER (MACROMOLECULE) NAME: ______________________________________________________________________
MONOMER SUBUNITS (BUILDING BLOCKS) THAT MAKE IT UP:
____________________________________________________ + _____________________________________________________
LIPID STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP LIPIDS: ___________________________________________________________________
*SO: Many of these subunits (triglycerides) chemically bonded together form a lipid!
2 TYPES OF FATS (FATTY ACIDS)
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________

Carbon chain contains all _________________ bonds

Carbon chain contains at least one ___________ bond

Mainly come from _____________________products

Mainly come from ____________________ products

__________________________at room temperature

______________________________at room temperature

Major cause of heart disease

The "better" of the two types of fats

Example) _____________________________________

Example) ____________________________________
TYPES OF LIPIDS:
1. ___________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________ 4. ____________________
FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS:
1. SOURCE OF STORED ENERGY (for long term use)
(Fats store energy more efficiently than carbohydrates)
2. INSULATION
3. MAKES UP PART OF THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE (phospholipid bi-layer)
4. STEROID HORMONES - Function in the endocrine system

Have a skeleton of four fused carbon rings and vary according to attached functional groups,
which determine the steroid function.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Steroid Examples)
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Estrogen
NOTE: Since lipids are non-polar they are considered: __________________________________________________
3. PROTEINS
POLYMER (MACROMOLECULE) NAME: ______________________________________________________________________
MONOMER SUBUNITS (BUILDING BLOCKS) THAT MAKE IT UP: ___________________________________________
PROTEIN STRUCTURE:
ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP PROTEINS: _______________________________________________________________
STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID


*There are 20 different types of amino acids.
Have 4 parts
Differ in their "R" group
*SO: Many of these subunits (amino acids) chemically bonded together form a protein!
As with all the other organic compounds:
Amino Acids are linked together by the process of ___________________________________________________
Peptide Bond = covalent bond between 2 amino acids
2 amino acids = _______________________
3-50 amino acids = _______________________________
51+ amino acids = _________________________________
By what process do you think peptide bonds between amino acids break apart?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ (sound familiar?!)
20 TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS
**Generally: The order in which the amino acids are linked together, determines the characteristics of
the protein molecule.
**Based on this sequence, the protein chains twist, turn, & bend into specific 3-D shapes.
-The shape of a protein molecule is its: _______________________________________
-The shape determines a proteins' function!!
TYPES/FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS:
1. To _______________________________________________ muscles and tissues.
2. Cell membrane components that ______________________ substances into or out of cells. (protein channels)
3. To receive and send signals : ______________________________________________________________________________
4. To help fight disease: ________________________________________________
5. To regulate chemical reactions: ___________________________________________ (biological catalysts)
6. Blood components (____________________________________ on red blood cells)
7. Help maintain muscle structure
8. Hair, nail and silk structural components
MORE ABOUT PROTEIN SHAPE
The shape of a protein is a result of 4 levels of structure:
1. _________________________________________: The amino acid sequence of the protein.
2. ______________________________________________:

Helical or pleated shape due to Hydrogen Bonding between amino acid side groups

Ex) Hair, nails and silk only have primary and secondary protein structure
3. _________________________________________:




The 3D shape of a protein
Results from folding of the amino acid chains upon themselves
The shape that results, determines the proteins specific function
Ex) Enzymes and antibodies have primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. They
recognize other molecules by their shape.
4. _________________________________________:


Attractions and bonding between more than one polypeptide chain results in this structure
Ex) Hemoglobin has all four levels of protein structure and consists of 4 polypeptide chains
joined together.
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN LEVELS OF STRUCTURE
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
POLYMER (MACROMOLECULE) NAME: ______________________________________________________________________
MONOMER SUBUNITS (BUILDING BLOCKS) THAT MAKE IT UP: ___________________________________________
NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE:
ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP NUCLEIC ACIDS: _________________________________________________________
NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE:
3 PARTS
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
TWO TYPES OF NITROGENOUS BASES
A. ____________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________
Many of these subunits (nucleotides) chemically bonded together form a nucleic acid!
As with all other organic compounds:
These nucleotides are joined together by the process of ___________________________________
TYPES/FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS:
DNA
RNA
Name:
Name:
5- carbon sugar :
5- carbon sugar :
Double Stranded Twisted Helix Shape
Single Stranded – Not Twisted
Strands held together by Hydrogen Bonds
DNA
RNA
Function:
Function:
Location:
Location:
ADDITIONAL INFO ABOUT DNA

Looks like a twisted ladder

Backbone: Made up of alternating phosphates and sugars
Antiparallel Chains
Sugars:
_____________________________________________
5’ End:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3’ End:
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Rungs on Ladder: Complementary Base Pairs
What do you notice about the nitrogen
base pairs??
**DNA gets copied into RNA which is then used to build protein molecules.
**Proteins make each individual unique.
**Since proteins make us who we are -& because DNA makes our proteins--it is really our DNA that
makes us unique!