Download Macromolecules

The Macromolecules
of Life
Macromolecules
All living things are composed of
one or more cells.
Cells are composed of chemicals:
-Water
-Lipids
-Carbohydrates
-Nucleic Acids
-Proteins
• Molecules that contain CARBON are called
organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are
also called POLYMERS
and BIOMOLECULES.
Polymers/Macromolecules
Biomolecules/Organic
Molecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polymers are made of up
of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS.
Nucleic Acids
• Two types:
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double helix
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) single strand
• Nucleic acids are composed of long
chains of nucleotides.
• A nucleotide is the MONOMER of a
nucleic acid POLYMER.
• Nucleic acids store genetic information.
Nucleotide
Nitrogen
base
Phosphate
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are made up of a
monomer called a nucleotide.
Parts of a Nucleotide:
-Phosphate group
-Sugar
-Nitrogen bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
DNA Structure
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DNA - double helix
A pairs with T
C pairs with G
S
P
P
C
G
S
P
T
A
P
S
P
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P
DNA Intro
• Strawberry Lab
• Online DNA Activity
• Nucleotide Cutouts
• DNA Worksheet
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DNA Intro Research
Questions:
1. A nucleic acid is a macromolecule that is found in all living
organisms.
2. DNA & RNA
3. Nucleotides are the monomer that make up a nucleic acid.
4. Store genetic information for all living organisms.
Hypothesis:
Yes, because the strawberry was once alive so it will have all of the
macromolecules.
No, the strawberry is not alive, so it may not contain all of the
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macromolecules.
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
Main source of energy
Monosaccharide
(mono – one)
Disaccharide
(di – two)
Polysaccharide
(poly – many)
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar monomer
Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6)
Ribose
Fructose
glucose
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose
glucose
glucose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples:
starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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Lipids
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Lipids
• Compounds that are not soluble in water
• Main component of the cell membrane
• Stored/Reserve Energy
• After carbs are used up, fats have the
reserve energy
Lipids
Examples:
Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steroid hormones
Triglycerides
Functions:
• Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
• Chemical messengers
(hormones)
• Major component of
membranes (phospholipids)
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The body stores
excess fat in fat
cells, or lipocytes,
which expand in
size until the fat
is used for fuel.
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Lipids
an energy reserve
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source.
After carbohydrates are used up, an organism will use
its fats for energy.
What would happen if all the fats and carbs have
already been used?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iWI72c42gc
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Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
Saturated
fatty acids
no double bonds
(bad)
Unsaturated
fatty acids
double bonds
(good)
When consumed in large amounts, lipids can lead to
cardiovascular disease.
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Are hormones lipids or proteins?
Could be either!
• Steroid hormones are fat-soluble molecules made from
cholesterol. Among these are the three major sex hormones
groups: estrogens, androgens and progesterones. Males and
females make all three, just in different amounts. Steroids
pass into a cell's nucleus, bind to specific receptors and genes
and trigger the cell to make proteins.
• Insulin, growth hormone, prolactin and other water-soluble
protein hormones consist of long chains of amino acids,
from several to 200 amino acids long. They are stored in
endocrine cells until needed to regulate such processes as
metabolism, lactation, growth and reproduction.
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Proteins
• Made from amino acids chains
• The polymer protein is made up of the monomer amino acids
• 20 different amino acids
• bonded together by peptide bonds
• Even though there are only 20 amino acids, many different
types of proteins exist because the sequence and number of
amino acids in a chain can vary.
Proteins
Functions
•Transport
Examples
•Regulatory
•Hormones
•Movement
•Muscles
•Structural
•membranes, hair, nails
•Cellular Reactions
•Enzymes
•Hemoglobin
•protein in red blood cells
that carries oxygen
•metabolism, growth
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Cell Membrane
consists of lipids & proteins
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Enzymes
a special type of protein
• Organic molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions
• Catalyze reactions = speed up reactions (such as digestion)
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There are so many proteins, how
does a living organism know what
protein is needed, and how to
assemble from the amino acids?
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Nucleic Acids Store Genetic
Information
1) DNA is in every living organism.
2) DNA contains a code in the sequence of the base pairs.
3) DNA transfers the code to RNA.
4) RNA uses the code to link amino acids together.
5) The linked amino acids make a specific protein.
6) The proteins that are created have specific structure and function.
http://youtu.be/zwibgNGe4aY
DNA  RNA  Amino Acids  Proteins