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Transcript
Frontiers of Biotechnology Chapter 9 Mr. Scott Manipulating DNA • How can scientists manipulate the code? • Scientists use their knowledge of the _____________________ and its chemical properties to • _____________________________ DNA molecules. Manipulating DNA Tools of Molecular Biology – Genetic Engineering • – DNA Extraction • • Use a chemical to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell parts (an alcohol) – Cutting DNA Manipulating DNA • DNA molecules are very long • Restriction enzymes – • Restriction Site – • Hundreds of different restriction sites from enzymes • Sticky ends – Manipulating DNA – Pieces can _______________________________________________________ – Used in biotechnology – Separating DNA • Manipulating DNA Gel electrophoresis – A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel (____________________________), and an electric voltage is applied to the gel – The molecules will move from __________________________________________ Manipulating DNA • Restriction Maps – – Can be used to study mutations • PCR or Polymerase chain reaction Manipulating DNA Copying DNA • • Use strands of DNA that are called ____________________ • • • Copying DNA – – – – 3 – Step Process • Need DNA to be copied, 4 bases, and two primers Primers – short segment of used for starting point Steps DNA Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting – – _____________________________ and run through gel electrophoresis DNA Fingerprinting • Greatest differences in DNA are found in regions not used for genes – Each person has ______________________________________________________ – • Indentification and Probability DNA Fingerprinting – • DNA Fingerprinting Uses of Fingerprinting – Criminal cases – Family relations • • • • • Genetic Engineering Cloning – Clone – • Gene or organism – – Dolly – – Controversial • Cloning has potential benefits. Genetic Engineering – – • Cloning raises concerns. – – clones _______________________________________ than original animal – decreased biodiversity • Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering – – Can insert healthy genes or cloned genes – Cutting and Pasting Manipulating DNA • Recombinant DNA • • DNA synthesizers – Enzymes join ______________________________ of DNA with natural pieces • Genetic Engineering Transforming Bacteria – Foreign DNA is joined to plasmid • Plasmid – • Genetic marker – a gene that ______________________________________________ (that is marked) and which bacteria are not. Genetic Engineering • Transformation – – This external DNA becomes part of the cells DNA • Genetic Engineering New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA. – Genetic engineering involves ______________________________________ DNA to give it new traits. – Genetic engineering is based on the use of _____________________________________________. – Recombinant DNA contains genes from more than one organism. • • • Genetic Engineering Transgenic Organisms – – Firefly and tobacco plant – Genetic engineering has _____________________________________________________ Genetic Engineering Transforming Plant Cells – Using __________________________________________________ and cause tumors – Taking away the cell wall some plant cells ____________________________________________ – If successful recombinant DNA will be found in a chromosome of the cell Genetic Engineering Transforming Animal Cells – DNA can be _______________________________________________ – Enzymes help insert the new DNA into the eggs existing DNA – New DNA contains ____________________________ that tell which cells picked up the DNA Genetic Engineering – Transgenic microorganisms • • Uses: – Can grow human proteins • – Transgenic Animals • • • No more food poisoning • Grow human proteins • Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions. – Transgenic mice used to study development and disease – Gene knockout mice used to ________________________ • Leptin – Genetic Engineering – Transgenic Plants • • • • • Grow vitamins or proteins Genomics and Bioinformatics • Genomics _________________________________________________________________ – – Comparisons of genomes within and across species • • Genomics and Bioinformatics DNA Sequencing – – Genomes of several different organisms have been sequenced Genomics and Bioinformatics The Human Genome Project – Has sequenced all of the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes. – – Still working to identify and map human genes • Genomics and Bioinformatics Technology and Genes – Bioinformatics • – DNA microarrays – • • • • Proteomics – Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders. – Determines risk __________________________________________________________________ – Used to _________________________________________________________________________ – Can ______________________________________ related to an increased risk of cancer – Can detect some genes ________________________________________________________________________________ Genetic Screening and Therapy Several experimental techniques are used for gene therapy. – Genetically engineered viruses used to “infect” a patient’s cells – – Genetic Screening and Therapy • Gene therapy has many technical challenges. – – –