Download Frontiers of Biotechnology

Frontiers of Biotechnology
Chapter 9
Mr. Scott
Manipulating DNA
• How can scientists manipulate the code?
• Scientists use their knowledge of the _____________________ and its chemical properties to
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_____________________________ DNA molecules.
Manipulating DNA
Tools of Molecular Biology
– Genetic Engineering
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– DNA Extraction
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• Use a chemical to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell parts (an alcohol)
– Cutting DNA
Manipulating DNA
• DNA molecules are very long
• Restriction enzymes
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• Restriction Site
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• Hundreds of different restriction sites from enzymes
• Sticky ends –
Manipulating DNA
– Pieces can _______________________________________________________
– Used in biotechnology
– Separating DNA
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Manipulating DNA
Gel electrophoresis
– A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel
(____________________________), and an electric voltage is applied to the gel
– The molecules will move from __________________________________________
Manipulating DNA
• Restriction Maps
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– Can be used to study mutations
• PCR or Polymerase chain reaction
Manipulating DNA
Copying DNA
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• Use strands of DNA that are called ____________________
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Copying DNA
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3 – Step Process
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Need DNA to be copied, 4 bases, and two primers
Primers – short segment of used for starting point
Steps
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
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– _____________________________ and run through gel electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting
• Greatest differences in DNA are found in regions not used for genes
– Each person has ______________________________________________________
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• Indentification and Probability
DNA Fingerprinting
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DNA Fingerprinting
Uses of Fingerprinting
– Criminal cases
– Family relations
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Genetic Engineering
Cloning
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Clone –
• Gene or organism
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– Dolly –
– Controversial
• Cloning has potential benefits.
Genetic Engineering
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• Cloning raises concerns.
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– clones _______________________________________ than original animal
– decreased biodiversity
• Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
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– Can insert healthy genes or cloned genes
– Cutting and Pasting
Manipulating DNA
• Recombinant DNA
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• DNA synthesizers
– Enzymes join ______________________________ of DNA with natural pieces
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Genetic Engineering
Transforming Bacteria
– Foreign DNA is joined to plasmid
• Plasmid –
• Genetic marker – a gene that ______________________________________________ (that is
marked) and which bacteria are not.
Genetic Engineering
• Transformation
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– This external DNA becomes part of the cells DNA
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Genetic Engineering
New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA.
– Genetic engineering involves ______________________________________ DNA to give it new
traits.
– Genetic engineering is based on the use of
_____________________________________________.
– Recombinant DNA contains genes from more than one organism.
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Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
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– Firefly and tobacco plant
– Genetic engineering has _____________________________________________________
Genetic Engineering
Transforming Plant Cells
– Using __________________________________________________ and cause tumors
– Taking away the cell wall some plant cells ____________________________________________
– If successful recombinant DNA will be found in a chromosome of the cell
Genetic Engineering
Transforming Animal Cells
– DNA can be _______________________________________________
– Enzymes help insert the new DNA into the eggs existing DNA
– New DNA contains ____________________________ that tell which cells picked up the DNA
Genetic Engineering
– Transgenic microorganisms
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• Uses:
– Can grow human proteins
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– Transgenic Animals
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• No more food poisoning
• Grow human proteins
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Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions.
– Transgenic mice used to study development and disease
– Gene knockout mice used to ________________________
• Leptin –
Genetic Engineering
– Transgenic Plants
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• Grow vitamins or proteins
Genomics and Bioinformatics
• Genomics _________________________________________________________________
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– Comparisons of genomes within and across species
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Genomics and Bioinformatics
DNA Sequencing
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– Genomes of several different organisms have been sequenced
Genomics and Bioinformatics
The Human Genome Project
– Has sequenced all of the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes.
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– Still working to identify and map human genes
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Genomics and Bioinformatics
Technology and Genes
– Bioinformatics
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– DNA microarrays
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Proteomics
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Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders.
– Determines risk __________________________________________________________________
– Used to _________________________________________________________________________
– Can ______________________________________
related to an increased
risk of cancer
– Can detect some genes
________________________________________________________________________________
Genetic Screening and Therapy
Several experimental techniques are used for gene therapy.
– Genetically engineered viruses used to “infect” a patient’s cells
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Genetic Screening and Therapy
• Gene therapy has many technical challenges.
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