Download 3.2 and 3.3

3.2: Carbon Compounds
• All of the many compounds can be classified in
TWO broad categories:
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
• The Chemistry of Carbon = Chemistry
of Life
ORGANIC
• Made up of mostly what element?
•CARBON
• They are covalently bonded to another
carbon atom and to other elements as
well typically hydrogen, nitrogen, and
oxygen
• -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
II. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior
A. Outer shell of carbon
has ____ electrons;
but can hold ____
B. Each carbon atom
can form __________
bonds with up to
_________ atoms
4 covalent bonds
C. Carbon atoms can
form
_______________ or
______________
• D. Carbon atoms
covalently bonded
form the
________________
of organic
compounds
• E. ______________
can project from the
carbon backbone
F. Carbon’s tendency to _______________
results in an enormous variety of ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Carbon can share two or even three pairs of
electrons with another atom
a) SINGLE BOND - A bond formed when
two atoms share ONE pair of electrons.
b) DOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO
pairs of electrons.
c) TRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE
pairs of electrons. STRONGEST!!!
III. Functional Groups
A. Atoms or clusters of atoms that are
covalently bonded to a
_____________________________
B. Gives organic compounds their different
properties
ex: HYDROXYL GROUP -OH attached
makes an ALCOHOL
Examples of Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group
- OH
Amino group
- NH3+
Carboxyl group
- COOH
Phosphate group
- PO3-
Methyl group
- CH3
IV. LARGE CARBON MOLECULES
A. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from
smaller simpler molecules called
_______________ (building blocks)
(MONO = ONE)
B. Monomers can bind to one another to form
complex molecules known as
_________________
(POLY = MANY)
C. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units,
forming large polymers called
______________________
(MACRO = LARGE)
V. Types of Reactions
1. Condensation Reaction
AKA-Dehydration Synthesis
2. Hydrolysis
1) Condensation Reactions (Dehydration
Synthesis)  small to big
a) Monomers link to form ______________
b) Monomers are CONDENSED and water
(H2O) is squeezed out (DEHYDRATE)
-H2O is a by-product of the reaction
c) Enzymes remove
from one molecule,
from another
 bond formed between two molecules
VIDEO!!!
CONDENSATION (dehydration synthesis)
enzyme action at functional groups
Fig. 3.4a, p. 37
2) Hydrolysis (hydro-lys-is)
a) The _________________ of complex
molecules, such as polymers
b) SPLITTING of a WATER molecule to
ADD -OH group and an H
 bonds break that hold polymers together
PUT THE WATER BACK IN!!!!!
HYDROLYSIS
enzyme action at functional groups
Fig. 3.4b, p. 37
DO NOW:
Turn to front of notes and do the first set
(a-h), match left side to right side  recap
from Way back when….. yesterday
3.3 MOLECULES OF LIFE
Four categories of organic compounds:
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
Human Body
Oxygen
65%
Carbon
18%
Hydrogen
10%
Nitrogen
3%
Calcium
2%
Phosphorus 1.1%
Sulfur
0.25%
Sodium
0.15%
Chlorine
0.15%
Magnesium
0.05
Iron
0.004%
What is the difference between structural
formula and molecular formula?
• Molecular Formula:
H2O
– The way it is written formula describing its
molecules
• Structural Formula: H – O – H
– The way it looks (arrangement)
– Mickey mouse
1. Carbohydrates: sugars and starches
contain C, H, and O in the ratio of CH2O
-carbo (C) hydrate (H2O)
a) monomers of sugars (simple sugars) -
1)eg: Glucose (manufactured by plants)
Fructose (found in fruits)
Both are C6H12O6
2) ____________: has the same molecular
formula but a different structural formula
3) Used for _______________________
Isomers: same molecular formula (C6 H12O6)
but different structural formula
glucose
fructose
galactose
b) Disaccharides – double sugar
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6  C12H22O11 + H2O
What type of reaction??
dehydration synthesis – combining of 2
monomers (monosaccharides) by squeezing out a
H20
1) EXAMPLES of disaccharides
sucrose (glucose + fructose = table sugar)
maltose (2 glucose)
2) bond between two monosaccharides is called
a ___________________ bond C-O-C
3) a disaccharide contains __________energy
than the two units it is composed of (bc of bond)
Disaccharides
• Made up of?
glucose
fructose
– Two monosaccharides
• What type of bond?
o
– “Glyc
sidic”
• What type of reaction?
– condensation reaction
(dehydration synthesis)
+ H2O
sucrose
Other sugars:
MONOSACCHARIDES OR DISACCHARIDES?
c) _________________ – 3 or more monosaccharides
complex carbohydrates, starches, cellulose, chitin
1)
most abundant of carbohydrates
2)
thousands of _____________ units bonded
together by dehydration synthesis =
type of: ____________________________
3) energy storage molecules
plants =
animals =
“animal starch”
also important as _____________
components of organisms:
eg. -cellulose = 50% of carbon in plants
cell walls
-chitin = exoskeleton of insects
Glycogen
• Sugar storage form in _____________
• Large storage in _______ and _______ cells
-STABLE LEVEL OF INTERNAL CONDITIONS?
• When blood sugar decreases,
liver cells _____________ glycogen,
releasing _____________
cells store energy as polysaccharides
rather than monosaccharide units
because the
_________________________________
(warehouse of simple sugars)
Cellulose & Starch
• Differ in bonding patterns between
monomers
• Cellulose - tough, indigestible, structural
material in plants (corn covering, celery
strings )
• Starch - easily digested, storage form in
plants (potato insides)
Cellulose and Starch
ReCap
1)
2)
3)
4)
Monomer of a sugar (one sugar)?
Two sugars?
Many sugars?
Bond name holding monomers of sugar
together?
5) How do we break apart a
polysaccharide?
6) Humans store sugar as? (animal starch)
2. Lipids
A) Composed of C, H, and O
b) Ratio of C to H to O higher than in
carbohydrates
c) Defined based on their solubility:
1) they are insoluble in ___________
2) they are soluble in ____________
d) Primary function –
to store large amounts of energy
(twice as much energy as carbs and
proteins due to all the CARBONHYDROGEN BONDS
e) Secondary functions of lipids:
1. structural components
eg. phospholipids - major building block
in cell membranes
2. "messengers" (hormones) that play
roles in communications within and
between cells
3. insulation and padding
f) Monomers of Lipids are:
The fatty acids are composed of linked
CH2 units
Fatty Acids
building blocks of: Lipids
(fats, waxes, phospholipids, but not sterols)
1) Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end
Methyl (CH3 ) group at the other end
2) Carbon (CH2) backbone (up to 36 C
atoms)
4) Saturated - __________ bonds
between carbons
_________ at room temperature
5) Unsaturated – One ________ bond
(bent) ________ at room temperature
6) Polyunsaturated – more than one
__________ bond (really bent)
_________ at room temp.
Three Fatty Acids
Triglyceride formed by dehydration synthesis
+ 3H20
three fatty acid tails
glycerol
triglyceride
Fig. 3.8b, p. 40
Glycerol backbone – fatty acids
attach to the glycerol (3-Carbon Backbone)
Dehydration synthesis removes the –H
from the glycerol and -OH from the fatty
acid to form a C-O-C glycosidic bond.
9) Phospholipids
• Main components of cell
membranes
• Has a phosphate group and two
fatty acids
Phosphate
group
Phospholipid Bilayer
10) Waxes
• Long-chain fatty acids linked to
long chain alcohols or carbon rings
• Firm consistency, repel water
• Important in water-proofing
• Ex: earwax
11) Sterols and Derivatives
• No fatty acids
• Rigid backbone of four
fused-together carbon
rings
• Different functional
groups
• Cholesterol - most
common type in
animals
3. Nucleic Acids
Includes DNA and RNA
DNA strand 
What are the monomers of nucleic
acids?
• DNA  deoxyribonucleic acid
• Holds genetic info
• Double stranded
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• Holds instructions to make
proteins
• Single stranded
Nucleotide Structure made up of
Three Parts:
1) Sugar
–Ribose or deoxyribose
2) Phosphate group
3) Nitrogen Base
-A, T, G, C, U
Nucleic Acids
Adenine
Cytosine
• Composed of nucleotides
• Single- or double-stranded
• Sugar-phosphate backbone
– Nitrogen makes up the steps
ATP - A Nucleotide
base
three phosphate groups
sugar
ATP
I.
= ATP
- energy currency of cell
A. Temporarily stores large amounts of
energy in phosphate bonds
B. Regulates many biological pathways
C. is made in a process called
nucleic acids
D. ATP is a monomer of __________
made up of three components
1)
= nitrogen containing base
2)
= 5 carbon sugar
• What is ribose’s molecular formula?
– What is the ratio again…..
3) 3 inorganic
How ATP releases ENERGY
• When break a ______________
group off by _________________
• It becomes  _______ (adenosine
DIphosphate
• And ___________________ energy
II.
= ADP
A. Adenine - ribose- P ~ P
B. When the last phosphate group is
released from ATP, ADP is formed.
ATP ----> ADP + P +
energy
Why would you need ENERGY from ATP
in a cell?
• build larger molecules
• carry substances into the cell
• remove wastes from the cell
• for mechanical work (like muscular
activity).
Recap!!
•
•
•
•
Monomer of Nucleic acids are…..
Name the three groups in one monomer…
Nucleic acids primary function is to ……
What process puts these monomers
together to form long chains….
• What process breaks down ATP for
energy…..
4. Proteins
A. Most complex and important substances
in living organisms
B. Composed of C, H, O, N
C. Monomer of a protein is:
D. Types of Proteins:
1) structural (makes up) – parts of cells,
tissues, collagen and elastin
2) movement – in muscle; myosin and actin
3) hormones – insulin and growth factor
4) transport – hemoglobin
5) defense – immunoglobin
6) enzymes – largest group of proteins;
regulate reactions (organic catalyst)
E. Amino Acid
amino
group
carboxyl
group
R group – 20 different
kinds with distinct properties
1) Properties of Amino Acids
a) Determined by the “R group”
b) there are 20 different Amino Acids
c) Amino acids may be:
tyrosine (tyr)
lysine (lys)
glutamate (glu)
glycine (gly)
valine (val)
phenylalanine (phe)
methionine (met)
proline (pro)
Fig. 3.12, p. 42
2) Protein Synthesis
A Protein is a chain of amino acids
linked by peptide bonds
• Peptide bond:
– Type of covalent bond
– Links amino group of one amino acid with
carboxyl group of next
– Forms through condensation reaction
(dehydration synthesis)
newly
forming
polypeptide
chain
Fig. 3.14, p. 43
If there are only 20 amino acids, how are there
so many types of proteins?
• The sequence (arrangement) of
amino acids
• The kinds of amino acids present
• The number of amino acids in a
protein
Protein Synthesis
• Two linked amino acids = dipeptide
• Three or more amino acids=
polypeptide
• Protein – two or more polypeptide chains
Protein Shapes
• Fibrous proteins
– Polypeptide chains arranged as strands or sheets
• Globular proteins
– Polypeptide chains folded into compact, rounded
shapes
Mila Kunis
Jolie
Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded
together by peptide
bonds (straight chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
Peptide Bonds
aa4
aa5
aa6
Denaturation
• Disruption of three-dimensional shape
• Breakage of weak bonds
• Causes of denaturation:
– pH
– Temperature
• Destroying protein shape disrupts function
Substrate reactant being catalyzed
Lock and Key mechanism
Enzyme is present at beginning and end of reaction!!!
A + enzyme B+C
Answer the following:
1. What carbohydrate is energy storage in
plants?
2. What do 2 amino acids make?
3. What reaction holds 2 monomers
together?
4. What lipid has 3 fatty acids and a glycerol?
5. Why are some hormones lipids?
6. What are the 3 parts to a nucleotide?
7. What part of an amino acid differs?
8. What can cause an amino acid to
denature?