Download Cut these out and place as signs for lab stations. 1: Carbohydrates 2

Cut these out and place as signs for lab stations.
1: Carbohydrates
2: Lipids
3: Proteins
4: Nucleic Acids
Station 1: Carbohydrates
Disaccharides are carbohydrates (sugars) composed of only two
monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are a type of carbohydrate composed of
many repeating subunits called monosaccharides.
A. Observe and place on the lab table one monosaccharide molecule.
B. Take two more of the monosaccharide molecules and lay them side by
side joined by a bond to make a disaccharide.
C. Lay three or more monosaccharide molecules side by side with bonds
between to make a polysaccharide.
1. Answer the following questions about the carbohydrate station on your
student page.
A. Draw a monosaccharide.
B. Draw a disaccharide and describe in words what it is made up of.
C. Draw a polysaccharide and describe in words what it is made up of.
D. What is the common 5 letter word for carbohydrates (hint: it is not
“carbs”)?
E. Why was a hexagon used and not a pentagon, octagon, etc.?
Station 2: Lipids
Use the models of phospholipids to complete the following:
A. Lay 6 phospholipid molecules side by side all facing the same direction.
B. Under the first 6 phospholipid molecules, lay 6 more “upside down” so
the fatty acid chains are almost touching between the two rows.
C. You have just created a model of a cell membrane.
2. Answer the following questions about the lipids station on your student
answer sheet.
A. What are the 3 parts of the phospholipid labeled on the molecule?
B. Draw a model of a cell membrane. You can represent the
phospholipids with a circle for the phosphate/glycerol “head” and two
squiggly lines for the fatty acid chain “tails”.
Lipids are very important in many aspects of life. One of the first places we
will study lipid function is in looking at cell membrane structure, which will
involve both phospholipids and cholesterol. We’ll discuss lipids again when
we look at long-term energy storage, which is done most efficiently with the
highest number of calories per gram, as fat. Organisms would be twice as
bulky if they had to store their energy long-term as carbohydrates. We will
look at some steroid hormones and pigments throughout the year as well.
Many of these are also lipids.
Station 3: Proteins
Follow the directions below to create a polypeptide.
A. Take two of the amino acid molecules and lay them side by side.
B. Join them by laying a bond between them. You just created a dipeptide.
C. Lay one or more amino acids to the right of your dipeptide.
D. Add a bond(s) between the dipeptide and the amino acid(s).
E. You have now created a polypeptide.
3. Answer the following questions about the work you’ve done at the protein
station.
A. What is the name of the special type of covalent bond that forms
between two amino acids?
B. Food for thought: Many of the 20 amino acids required by the body to
make all of the proteins you need (like collagen, hemoglobin,
antibodies, and enzymes) can be made by the body if they’re missing
from our diet. However, in an adult 8 amino acids are called “essential”
amino acids. What does this name mean – “essential” amino acids?
The varied structures and functions of proteins make them one of the most
complex molecules to study. We will study their synthesis in cells, how this
synthesis is regulated by our genes, as well as their structure and function as
enzymes in detail in future units.
Station 4: Nucleic Acids
Modeling nucleic acids is fairly complicated. We have special kits that we will use in
the unit on DNA replication to build a molecule of DNA in a laboratory activity. Today, you
will focus on modeling the structure of the nucleotides found in DNA and RNA.
A nucleotide consists of 3 parts: a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen base.
Many nucleotides joined together form a nucleic acid. Here, you will build a nucleotide from
DNA and one from RNA. Follow the directions below to complete your models of DNA and
RNA nucleotides.


DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) nucleotide
A. Use the template below to guide you in building your nucleotide.
B. First, grab a phosphate group
C. Then, grab the proper sugar (hint: the molecule you are making is called
deoxyribonucleic acid)
D. A DNA nucleotide can have one of four nitrogen bases: guanine, cytosine,
adenine, or thymine
E. Make one of each type of nucleotide for a total of four.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) nucleotide
a. Use the template below to guide you in building your nucleotide.
b. First, grab a phosphate group
c. Then, grab the proper sugar (hint: the molecule you are making is called
ribonucleic acid)
d. An RNA nucleotide can have one of four nitrogen bases: guanine, cytosine,
adenine, or uracil
e. Make one of each type of nucleotide for a total of four.
Nucleotide Template
4. Answer the following questions about the nucleic acid nucleotides you just constructed.
A. In general terms, what are the three parts of a nucleotide? (hint: a word like adenine is
too specific)
______________________ _____________________________ ___________________________
B. What two differences can you see in the DNA nucleotides when comparing them to the
RNA nucleotides? (Fill in the blanks below)
 They have a different ______________.
o DNA has _____________________ while RNA has _____________________.
 Although they both can have the nitrogen bases ___________________,
_______________________, and _________________, only DNA can have
______________________ and only RNA can have __________________________.
C. We will be studying DNA & RNA in great detail in future units. In this unit we want you
to get an introduction to the structure of a nucleotide and the monomer that makes up
both molecules. There are differences between DNA nucleotides and RNA
nucleotides which we will study in future units. However, they both consist of 3 main
parts: 1) a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), 2) a nitrogenous base (there are 5 different
bases), 3) and a phosphate group (a functional group composed of a phosphorus atom
and 4 oxygen atoms).
Name__________________________________________
Teacher ____________________________________
Class-Period__________________________________
Date____________________________________
Molecular Model Station Lab - Student Question Sheet- PreAP Biology
1. Station 1: Carbohydrates--Answer the following questions about the carbohydrate station.
A. Draw a monosaccharide.
B. Draw a disaccharide and describe in words what it is made up of.
C. Draw a polysaccharide and describe in words what it is made up of.
D. What is the common 5 letter word for carbohydrates (hint: it is not “carbs”)?
E. Why was a hexagon used and not a pentagon, octagon, etc.?
2. Station 2: Lipids--Answer the following questions about the lipids station.
A. What are the 3 parts of the phospholipid labeled on the molecule?
B. Draw a model of a cell membrane. You can represent the phospholipids with a circle for the
phosphate/glycerol “head” and two squiggly lines for the fatty acid chain “tails”.
Lipids are very important in many aspects of life. One of the first places we will study lipid function is in
looking at cell membrane structure, which will involve both phospholipids and cholesterol. We’ll discuss
lipids again when we look at long-term energy storage, which is done most efficiently with the highest
number of calories per gram, as fat. Organisms would be twice as bulky if they had to store their energy
long-term as carbohydrates. We will look at some steroid hormones and pigments throughout the year as
well. Many of these are also lipids.
3. Station 3: Proteins--Answer the following questions about the work you’ve done at the protein station.
A. What is the name of the special type of covalent bond that forms between two amino acids?
B. Food for thought: Many of the 20 amino acids required by the body to make all of the proteins you
need (like collagen, hemoglobin, antibodies, and enzymes) can be made by the body if they’re
missing from our diet. However, in an adult 8 amino acids are called “essential” amino acids. What
does this name mean – “essential” amino acids?
The varied structures and functions of proteins make them one of the most complex molecules to study. We will
study their synthesis in cells, how this synthesis is regulated by our genes, as well as their structure and
function as enzymes in detail in future units.
4. Station 4: Nucleic Acids--Answer the following questions about the nucleic acid nucleotides you just
constructed.
A. In general terms, what are the three parts of a nucleotide? (hint: a word like adenine is too specific)
___________________________ _____________________________ ___________________________
Label these three parts on the nucleotide template below—you may use p. 37 in the textbook for
reference.
Nucleotide Template
B. What two differences can you see in the DNA nucleotides when comparing them to the RNA
nucleotides? (Fill in the blanks below)
D. They have a different ______________.
a. DNA has _____________________ while RNA has _____________________.
E. Although they both can have the nitrogen bases ___________________, _______________________, and
_________________, only DNA can have ______________________ and only RNA can have
__________________________.
C. We will be studying DNA & RNA in great detail in future units. In this unit we want you to get an
introduction to the structure of a nucleotide, the monomer that makes up both molecules, as well as the
structure of ATP, which is formed by adding additional phosphate groups to a specific nucleotide,
adenine. There are differences between DNA nucleotides and RNA nucleotides which we will study in
future units. However, they both consist of 3 main parts: 1) a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), 2) a nitrogenous
base (there are 5 different bases), 3) and a phosphate group (a functional group composed of a
phosphorus atom and 4 oxygen atoms).
Digestion of Biochemical Molecules
Comparing and Contrasting Organic Molecules
1.
On the outline of the human digestive system:
a. Label the following structures involved in the digestion of the types of compounds we have been
studying by writing the letter and name of the structure
b. Next to that label, write the name of the compound that is digested there. The first one has been
done for you.
A. Salivary glands – 3 pairs – produce salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down sugars in the
mouth
B. Stomach – proteins are broken apart by acids and digested by enzymes such as pepsin
C. Small intestine – digests all 4 types of compounds with enzymes such as pancreatic amylase,
trypsin, nucleases, bile salts, and lipase; the nutrients that result from the breakdown of these
molecules into their monomers are absorbed into the circulatory system through the walls of the
small intestine
D. Liver – produces bile which helps with the digestion of fats in the small intestine; the liver also cleans
the blood of ammonia, a highly toxic byproduct of protein digestion, and converts it into urea, which
is then filtered out of the blood in the kidneys. In addition, glycogen is stored in the liver.
E. Gall bladder – stores bile produced in the liver
F. Large intestine – is not involved in digestion, but does reabsorb water for reuse by the body
A. Salivary
glands --sugar
Below there is a box with different names for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Divide the paper into four sections, make a concept map, and “tell all you know” about each one
using words, phrases, and diagrams.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
4 Biochemical Molecules
4 Biomolecules
4 Organic Compounds
4 Macromolecules
4 Types of Biological Compounds
4 Polymers
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Review of Biomolecules in Cells
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ACROSS
2. makes up the cell membrane and controls what enters and leaves the cell
4. reads the DNA and takes that information to ribosomes to make proteins
5. protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen
6. proteins that help control chemical reactions in cells
8. building blocks of proteins
9. lipid that serves as insulation to keep animals warm
11. organic chemicals that include sugars and starches and store energy
13. lipids that serve structural and control functions in the body; ex) hormones
14. form of polysaccharide which plants use to store energy
15. molecule that is used by animals to store carbohydrates, formed in muscles and in the liver
16. complex strands of DNA that keep all the genetic information in the nucleus of the cell
17. nucleic acid that carries information that controls the activities of the cell
18. compound such as fats, oils, and waxes that provide long term energy storage
19. large, complex molecules composed of amino acids
DOWN
1. the simplest sugar molecule; building block of carbohydrates
3. proteins necessary of contraction of muscle fibers
7. biochemical molecules that contain heredity information
10. proteins that help animals fight off invasions by viruses and bacteria
11. structural carbohydrate; plant cell walls are primarily made of this
12. the total number of amino acids that combine to make any given protein