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Biology: Unit 2 Study Guide Chapter Sections Considered Fair Game for the Test: Chapter 1: Section 7 Chapter 13: Sections 0-8, 11-15, 17 Chapter 14: Sections 0-6, 9 Chapter 15: Sections 4, 9, 10, 13 Selected Readings, Labs, and Activities Considered Fair Game for the Test: Peppered Moth Activity Why Finish Your Antibiotics? Final paragraph of Origin of Species Evidence of Evolution handouts Harkness articles Salamander Packet Finch data handout Skills You Should Have Mastered: Explaining the concept of evolution, how it’s driven and the evidence that supports it Graphing and analyzing changes in population numbers over time (peppered moth lab) Keeping a binder organized into units and a toolbox section of important documents How to participate in and critique a Harkness seminar for pros/cons and for personal achievement during the seminar Concepts Considered Fair Game for the Test: Charles Darwin – the impact of his travels on his theory o How his thinking was different from prevailing wisdom at the time o Important observations that he made that helped him come up with natural selection Evolution, natural selection. o How does it work? o What’s required (ex. Heritable variation of traits) o Give examples Evidences of evolution: Fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy & embryology, molecular biology, antibiotic resistance and all vocabulary associated with these concepts o How fossils can be used to compare characteristics of extinct and living species to understand relatedness and speciation o How anatomy should be used along side molecular data when determining species relatedness when possible or implications if not o Importance of Pangaea in terms of evolution o Explain how antibiotic resistance can come about and why it’s important to use antibiotics as directed Populations, not individuals, evolve Types of natural selection (directional, stabilizing, disruptive) o Give examples of each o Provide reasoning behind assertion as to type of selection if given an example o Sexual dimorphism Genetic drift is random but can impact gene pool o Bottleneck effect, founder’s effect o Evolution does not result in perfect beings (in itself can be a form of evolution) and it is not goal directed o Be able to give examples Biological Species Concept, Morphological Species Concept, Phylogenetic Species concept Reproductive barriers and importance of Allopatric (geographic barriers) and sympatric speciation o Speciation (via natural selection) causes the diversity of life seen today Major events in earth’s history When major events happened relative to earth’s long history (general- gap with no new fossils, unicellular first) o Relationships between events (ex. must have unicellular before multicellular) Examples of mass extinctions and their causes o How extinction relates to adaptive radiation Adaptive radiation o Give examples – Grants’ data on finches comes in handy here) o Explain how it increases the diversity of life o Why salamanders have not yet undergone adaptive radiation o Vocabulary (define and use in explanations!): Adaptations Adaptive radiation Allopatric speciation Analogy Artificial selection Behavioral isolation Binomial nomenclature Biogeography Bottleneck effect BSC Comparative anatomy and embryology Convergent evolution Directional selection Disruptive selection Evolution Evolutionary tree Fitness (relative) Fossil record Founder effect Gametic isolation Gene flow Gene Pool Genetic drift Habitat isolation Homologous structures (homology) Hybrid Hybrid breakdown Mechanical isolation Macroevolution Microevolution Molecular biology (evidence) MSC Multicellular Natural selection Paleontologist Pangaea Phylogenetic tree Phylogeny Population Postzygotic barrier Prezygotic barrier PSC Ratio of increase Reduced hybrid fertility Reduced hybrid viability Reproductive isolation Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Speciation Stabilizing selection Strata Sympatric speciation Systematics Taxon/taxa Taxonomy Temporal isolation Unicellular Vertebrate Vestigial structures What Can I do with all of This Kerry? Break down the unit into major concepts o Natural Selection and what’s necessary in order for it to occur o Earth’s history o Evidence of evolution o Microevolution o Speciation & Reproductive barriers o Macroevolution o Applications of evolution (think articles) For each concept, connect the smaller concepts/vocabulary. I tend to use diagrams or graphic organizers (writing things in bubbles and connecting them to other bubbles). Example for natural selection below o What does natural selection need? Within a population- heritable variability, overreproduction, struggle for resources, ratio of increase…etc. o How does natural selection result in new species? Explain it! o Why doesn’t natural selection result in perfect species? Explain it. o What do adaptations have to do with it and how do they come about?