Download Photosynthesis

Respiration
- The process of extracting stored energy from glucose to form ATP (from
ADP and Pi).
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Mitochondria - the site of cellular respiration in plants and animals.
(diagram of mitochondria)
Vocabulary:
Mitochondria
Matrix
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Christae
Adenosine Triphosphate
Proton gradient
Alcohol Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl CoA Formation
Pyrivic Acid
Carbohydrate
Ethyl Alcohol
Lactic Acid
Co Enzyme A
Heterotrophs
Cellular Respiration
Kreb’s Cycle
Oxaloacetate
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Fermentation
Lactic Acid
Ethyl Alcohol
Chemiosmotic Theory - Using the H ions (protons) in NADH and
FADH2 to create a proton pump (pH gradient) in which
channel proteins (ATP synthase) in the cristae generate energy
to drive the formation of ATP’s by allowing the protons to flow
back into the matrix from the cristae. The process in which
ATP is produced by the flow of protons across the channel is
called oxidative phosphorylation.
- NADH produces 3 ATP per molecule.
- FADH2 produces 2 ATP per molecule.
(See diagram p. 159)
Oxidative Phosphorylation – E.T.S. Electron Transport System Electrons from NADH and FADH2 Pass along an e- transport
chain from one carrier protein to another, losing energy at each
step. The last e- acceptor is oxygen. 1/2 O2 accepts 2 e-’s and
together with 2H+ to form H2O. (NADH = 3ATP, FADH =
2ATP)
(See diagram p. 158)
Pathways of Respiraton:
Glycolysis
2 ATP’s
Oxygen
Aerobic
Respiration
“Kreb’s Cycle”
(Citric Acid Cycle)
36 ATP’s
No Oxygen
Anaerobic
Respiration
Plants
Alcoholic
Fermentation
2 ATP’s
Animals
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
2 ATP’s
Aerobic Respiration:
Consists of 4 Stages:
1. Glycolysis
2. Formation of Acetyl CoA
3. The Kreb’s Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphoryation (see above)
Types of Respiration:
1. Glycolysis - Decomposition of Glucose to pyruvate (pyruvic acid).
- Occurs outside of the mitochondria.
- Does not require oxygen.
- Net gain 2 ATP, 2NADH
2. Aerobic Respiration
A. Formtion of Acetyl CoA –
- Requires oxygen
- Percurser to Kreb’s Cycle
- Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA and releases CO2.
2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 Coenzyme A + 2NAD+
2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2NADH
B. The Kreb’s Cycle - (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Occurs inside of the mitochondria.
- Requires oxygen.
- Krebs is described for 1 pyruvate but glycolysis produces 2.
Remember to multiply the products of glycolysis by 1 and the
kreb’s cycle by 2.
- Net gain:
Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2NADH
Kreb’s:
2 x (GTP, 4NADH, FADH2)
Total:
38 ATP
3. Lactic Acid Fermentation - Occurs only in animals, and some bacteria.
- Occurs outside of the mitochondria.
- Does not require oxygen.
- Net gain 2 ATP, 2 Lactic Acid (Lactate)
4. Alcohol Fermentation - Occurs only in plants, yeast (a type of fungi), and some
bacteria.
- Occurs outside of the mitochondria.
- Does not require oxygen.
- Net gain 2 ATP, 2 Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)