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Respiration - The process of extracting stored energy from glucose to form ATP (from ADP and Pi). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Mitochondria - the site of cellular respiration in plants and animals. (diagram of mitochondria) Vocabulary: Mitochondria Matrix Lactic Acid Fermentation Christae Adenosine Triphosphate Proton gradient Alcohol Fermentation Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA Formation Pyrivic Acid Carbohydrate Ethyl Alcohol Lactic Acid Co Enzyme A Heterotrophs Cellular Respiration Kreb’s Cycle Oxaloacetate Oxidative Phosphorylation Fermentation Lactic Acid Ethyl Alcohol Chemiosmotic Theory - Using the H ions (protons) in NADH and FADH2 to create a proton pump (pH gradient) in which channel proteins (ATP synthase) in the cristae generate energy to drive the formation of ATP’s by allowing the protons to flow back into the matrix from the cristae. The process in which ATP is produced by the flow of protons across the channel is called oxidative phosphorylation. - NADH produces 3 ATP per molecule. - FADH2 produces 2 ATP per molecule. (See diagram p. 159) Oxidative Phosphorylation – E.T.S. Electron Transport System Electrons from NADH and FADH2 Pass along an e- transport chain from one carrier protein to another, losing energy at each step. The last e- acceptor is oxygen. 1/2 O2 accepts 2 e-’s and together with 2H+ to form H2O. (NADH = 3ATP, FADH = 2ATP) (See diagram p. 158) Pathways of Respiraton: Glycolysis 2 ATP’s Oxygen Aerobic Respiration “Kreb’s Cycle” (Citric Acid Cycle) 36 ATP’s No Oxygen Anaerobic Respiration Plants Alcoholic Fermentation 2 ATP’s Animals Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 ATP’s Aerobic Respiration: Consists of 4 Stages: 1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA 3. The Kreb’s Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphoryation (see above) Types of Respiration: 1. Glycolysis - Decomposition of Glucose to pyruvate (pyruvic acid). - Occurs outside of the mitochondria. - Does not require oxygen. - Net gain 2 ATP, 2NADH 2. Aerobic Respiration A. Formtion of Acetyl CoA – - Requires oxygen - Percurser to Kreb’s Cycle - Pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA and releases CO2. 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 Coenzyme A + 2NAD+ 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2NADH B. The Kreb’s Cycle - (Citric Acid Cycle) - Occurs inside of the mitochondria. - Requires oxygen. - Krebs is described for 1 pyruvate but glycolysis produces 2. Remember to multiply the products of glycolysis by 1 and the kreb’s cycle by 2. - Net gain: Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2NADH Kreb’s: 2 x (GTP, 4NADH, FADH2) Total: 38 ATP 3. Lactic Acid Fermentation - Occurs only in animals, and some bacteria. - Occurs outside of the mitochondria. - Does not require oxygen. - Net gain 2 ATP, 2 Lactic Acid (Lactate) 4. Alcohol Fermentation - Occurs only in plants, yeast (a type of fungi), and some bacteria. - Occurs outside of the mitochondria. - Does not require oxygen. - Net gain 2 ATP, 2 Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)