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Reading Notes: Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (Ch. 5)
(Optional)
READING ASSIGNMENT #1 –READ pp. 68-77 in Campbell’s. FILL IN MISSING
INFORMATION ON NOTES OUTLINE BELOW..
I.
Macromolecules
A. 4 major categories
1. polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
2. lipids
3. polypeptides (proteins)
4. nucleic acids
B. Many are polymers
1. Polymer =____________________________________________
2. Monomers = _________________________________________
Polymers
Polypeptides
Monomers
Examples
Hemoglobin, insulin
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
Starch, glycogen
Nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
II.
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
A) Connecting 2 monomers together
Condensation reaction =
B) Break down polymers into monomers
Hydrolysis reactions =
II.) CARBOHYDRATES – includes both sugars (monomers) and polysaccharides
(sugar polymers)
Importance of sugars in cells –
Monosaccharides – have molecular formula
Example:
Disaccharide- ______ monosaccharides joined by a ____________________________
Example:
Polysaccharide (macromolecule) - _____________________________ containing a few
hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by ________________
Importance of polysaccharides in cells
1) Storage Polymers:
Plants:
Starch – polymer of _____________________ (monomers); because glucose is a major
fuel, starch represents stored _________________________ for plant cells.
Animals:
Glycogen – a polymer of __________________ that is more extensively branched than
amylpectin (a form of plant starch)
2) Structural Polysaccharides:
Cellulose – major component of tough walls that enclose ___________________ cells.
Compare structure of cellulose to starch; (See fig. 5.7, p. 73 in Campbell’s).
Starch = glucose monomomers are in ____ - configuration. (glycosidic bonds link all
glucose molecules in same orientation [i.e. CH2OH groups are all on the same side of the
chain].
Cellulose= glucose monomers are in _____- configuration. (glycosidic bonds link
glucose molecules in alternating upside-down pattern.
III) LIPIDS-DIVERSE HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES
Lipids- have little or no affinity for ____________. Structure consists mainly of
nonpolar ___________________________ with a few polar oxygen bonds.
Function in cells –
Fat – made from glycerol and fatty acids
Example: Triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids:
Saturated fatty acid – contains ____ C-C double bonds; contains as many bonds to
_______ atoms as possible. Saturated fats pack together very tightly; at room
temperature they are typically ______________. A diet high in saturated fat is a risk
factor for _____________________________________
Unsaturated fatty acid- has one or more C-C __________________________ formed
by the removal of _________________________ from the carbon skeleton. Since C=C
cannot freely rotate without breaking the pi bonds, the presence of C=C introduces
__________ into the structure. These kinks prevent the prevent molecules from packing
closely together and hence unsaturated fats are typically _________________ at room
temperature.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CELL _____________________
Phospholipids- contain 2 fatty acids rather than ______. The 3rd hydroxyl group of
glycerol is joined to a _______________________ group.
Phospholipids show _______________________________ behavior toward water.
Hydrocarbon tails are _____________________________.
Hydrophillic heads contain a ________________________ group and are ___________.
In water phospholipids form a bilayer.
Sketch: Phospholipid bilayer: (fig. 5.14. on p. 77)
STERIODS – carbon skeleton with ______ fused rings. Functional group attached to
rings can vary.
Importance: many __________________________, including vertebrate sex hormones,
are steroids produced from cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can lead
to ___________________ arteries resulting in a high risk of _____________ _________
and _______________.
READING ASSIGNMENT #3: READ pp. 86-89 NUCLEIC ACIDS and FILL IN
MISSING INFORMATION ON NOTES OUTLINE BELOW:
NUCLEIC ACIDS – INFORMATIONAL POLYMERS
Gene –
2 types of nucleic acids: 1) _____________ and 2) _________________
1) Importance of DNA:
2) Importance of RNA:
Fig. 5.26: Summarize information flow:
Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called ____________________________.
Nucleotides have 3 parts:
1)
2)
3)
Two types of bases:
1) ___________________________- consists of ______-membered ring of ___ and
____atoms.
3 Pyrimidine bases: 1)
2)
3)
2)__________________________- larger; consists of a ____-membered ring fused to a
_____- membered ring.
2 purine bases: 1)
2)
SUGAR IN RNA is _______________________________
SUGAR IN DNA is _______________________________
Copy pictures of sugars below (p. 87, Fig. 5.27c in green box):
IMPORTANT: Draw structural formula of polynucleotide using circles, pentagons and
hexagons as shown in on p. 87, Fig. 5.27a (2 linked nucleotides[a purine linked to a
pyrimidine] is sufficient.)
STRUCTURE OF DNA IS A ___________________________________________.
Sugar phosphate group backbones are on the ___________________________ of the
helix, while the bases are paired on the ___________________________ of the helix.
ONLY CERTAIN BASES CAN HYDROGEN BOND WITH EACH OTHER:
Adenine (A) always pairs with _____________________________.
Guanine (G) always pairs with _____________________________.
Sequence of strands are complementary:
Example if one strand is AGGTCCG, other strand would be ________________.
Replication:
Explain how DNA and proteins are tape measures of evolution
ASSIGNMENT #4: READ pp. 77-86 on POLYPEPTIDES AND PROTEINS . FILL
IN THE MISSING INFORMATION BELOW.
IV) POLYPEPTIDES – FUNCTIONS/ EXAMPLES
Functions of Proteins
Type
Globular/Fibrous Function
Enzymes
Globular
Speed up chemical
reactions
Some hormones
Globular
Signaling w/in body
Structural proteins
Fibrous
Support and structure
Cell membrane
proteins
Hemoglobin (Brit
spelling =
Haemoglobin)
Microtubules
Globular
Globular
Fibrous
Regulate passage of
substances in/out of cells
Binds O2 due to heme
(haeme) group with iron
Examples
Catalase, protease
Insulin
Collagen in tendons
and skin
Sodium pumps as
in cystic fibrosis
Make the mitotic and
meiotic spindle
*All metabolic pathways consist of chains and cycles of enzyme catalyzed reactions
1) Amino acids and dipeptides
A. Amino acids
1. Monomer for polypeptides
2. General structure is
3. R groups can be (fill in 1 or 2 examples for each)
a.) Nonpolar
b) Polar –
c) Charged
4. Amino acids in your body can be
a) Essential = your body can’t make it, must ingest
b) Non-essential – your body can make it by modifying other
amino acids
Exploring Levels of Protein Structure – define each level of protein structure
primary structure-
Secondary structure
Two examples of secondary structure:
Tertiary structure
Defn of and importance of hydrophobic interactions:
Disulfide bonds
Quaternary structure
Explain the difference between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin.
What is protein denaturation? How does denaturation impact biological function?
List at least 3 ways proteins can become denatured:
.