Download AP Biology Objectives

AP Biology Objectives
Mendel and Genes/ Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
(Chapters 14-15)
Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries
1. Explain how Mendel’s hypothesis of inheritance differed from the blending theory of
inheritance.
2. List several features of Mendel’s methods that contributed to his success.
3. Define true breeding, hybridization, monohybrid cross, P generation, F 1 and F2 generations,
and testcross.
4. List and explain the four components of Mendel’s hypothesis that led to deduce the law of
segregation, as well as how this law got its name.
5. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: dominant and recessive; heterozygous and
homozygous; genotype and phenotype.
6. Use a Punnett square to predict the results of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
Be able to state the phenotypic and genotypic ratios that result from these crosses.
7. Define Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
8. Use the rule of multiplication to calculate the probability that a particular F 2 individual will be
homozygous recessive or dominant.
9. Given a Mendelian cross, use the rule of addition to calculate the probability that a particular
F2 individual will be heterozygous.
10. Explain why Mendel was wise to use large sample sizes in his studies, and apply the Chi
Square test to data sampling.
11. Explain how the phenotypic expression of the heterozygote is affected by complete
dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance.
18. Explain why genetic dominance does not mean that the dominant allele subdues a
recessive allele, and why dominant alleles do not necessarily mean that the allele is more
common in a population. Illustrate by using an example, such as polydactyly.
19.Define and give examples of pleiotropy and epistasis.
20. Describe the inheritance patterns associated with co-dominance, polygenic characters,
and environmental conditions (what is meant by “norm of reaction).
21. Given a simple family pedigree, deduce the genotypes of some of the family members.
22. Explain how a lethal recessive gene can be maintained in a population; describe the
inheritance and expression of cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle-cell disease.
23. Explain how carrier recognition, fetal testing, and newborn screening can be used in
genetic screening and counseling.
Chapter 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Relating Mendelism to Chromosomes
1. Define and compare linked genes and sex-linked genes. Explain why the inheritance of
linked genes is different from independent assortment.
2. Distinguish between parental and recombinant phenotypes.
3. Define a map unit, and explain the following: why linked genes do not assort independently;
how crossing over can unlink genes; how genetic maps are constructed for genes located far
apart on a chromosome; and the impact of multiple crossovers between loci.
4. Explain why Mendel did not find linkage between seed color and flower color.
Sex Chromosomes
5. Explain how sex is genetically determined in humans and the significance of the SRY gene.
6. Explain why sex-linked diseases are more common in human males.
7. Describe the inheritance patterns and symptoms of color blindness, Duchenne muscular
dystrophy, and hemophilia.
8. Describe the process of X inactivation in female mammals. Explain how this phenomenon
produces the tortoiseshell coloration in cats.
Errors and Exceptions in Chromosomal Inheritance
9. Distinguish among nondisjunction, aneuploidy, trisomy, triploidy, and polyploidy. Explain how
these major chromosomal changes occur and describe the consequences.
10. Distinguish among deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
11. Describe the type of chromosomal alterations implicated in the following human disorders:
Down syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, extra Y, triple-X syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, cri du chat
syndrome, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.