Download What is the target tissue of ACTH and what does it do? 1.1. Target

1. What is the target tissue of ACTH and what does it do?
1.1. Target tissue: adrenal cortex,
1.2. controls the production and release of the sex steroids (estrogens, androgens and
progesterone), the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids
2. What is the target tissue of TSH and what does it do?
2.1. Target tissue: thyroid gland,
2.2. controls production and release of thyroid hormones which control metabolic rate
3. What is the target tissue of GH and what does it do?
3.1. Target tissue: liver, musculature and skeleton
3.2. affects growth rate
4. What is the target tissue of MSH and what does it do?
4.1. Target tissue: melanocytes,
4.2. affects skin pigmentation
5. What does BLPH do?
5.1. precursor from which natural opiates like endorphins is produced
6. What are the two functions of FSH?
6.1. stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicles
6.2. Works with LH to stimulate ovulation
7. When is FSH most abundant in the menstrual cycle?
7.1. At the beginning of the month
7.2. at ovulation
8. What does FSH do in men?
8.1. Stimulates the production of sperm
9. What are the four functions of LH?
9.1. Stimulates estrogen production by the ovarian follicle
9.2. Works with FSH to simulate ovulation
9.3. Stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum
9.4. Stimulates estrogen production by the corpus luteum
10. When is LH most abundant in the menstrual cycle?
10.1.
At ovulation, but generally pretty present all throughout cycle
11. What does LH do in men?
11.1.
Stimulates the production of testosterone
12. When is progesterone most abundant in the menstrual cycle?
12.1.
During the postovulatory phase
13. What are the two functions of Prolactin?
13.1.
Stimulates progesterone production by the corpus luteum
13.2.
Stimulates milk production by mammary glands
14. Can a woman have excessively high or excessively low prolactin levels and still be
fertile?
14.1.
Probably not
15. What are the two hormones needed in breastfeeding and what are their functions?
15.1.
Oxytocin (produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
and released by the posterior pituitary) stimulates milk letdown
15.2.
Prolactin (produced in the anterior pituitary) stimulates the alveoli of the
mammary glands to begin producing milk
16. How is the hypothalamus related to the anterior pituitary?
16.1.
The hypothalamus produces hormones called releasing hormones that
control the production and release of the tropic hormones by the anterior pituitary
17. What are releasing hormones and what do they do?
17.1.
Releasing hormones are hormones produced in the hypothalamus which
travel through the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system to the anterior
pituitary and stimulate and inhibit the production and release of the tropic
hormones.
18. What are the seven releasing hormones (RH)?
18.1.
Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)
18.2.
Thyrotropic hormone releasing hormone (TRH)
18.3.
Somatostatin
18.4.
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
18.5.
Gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH)
18.6.
Dopamine
18.7.
Prolactin stimulating hormone (PSH)
19. What does CRH do?
19.1.
Stimulates the production and release of ACTH
20. What does TRH do?
20.1.
Stimulates the production and release of TSH
21. What does Somatostatin do?
21.1.
Inhibits the production and release of GH
22. What does GHRH do?
22.1.
Stimulates the production and release of GH
23. What does GnRH do?
23.1.
Stimulates the production and release of both FSH and LH
24. Where is inhibin produced and what does it do?
24.1.
Inhibin is produced by the ovarian follicle and the corpus luteum
24.2.
it acts at the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production and release of FSH
25. What does Dopamine do?
25.1.
inhibits the production and release of prolactin
26. What does PSH do?
26.1.
stimulates the production and release of prolactin
27. What RH releases two tropic hormones?
27.1.
GnRH releases both LH and FSH
28. What tropic hormones are affected by two RH?
28.1.
GH is stimulated by GHRH and inhibited by Somatostatin
28.2.
prolactin is stimulated by prolactin stimulating factor and inhibited by
dopamine
29. In the adult female, how does very low estrogen affect GnRH?
29.1.
Stimulates the production of GnRH
30. In the adult female, how does moderate estrogen affect GnRH?
30.1.
Inhibits GnRH
31. In the adult female, how does very high estrogen affect GnRH?
31.1.
Stimulates GnRH
32. What type of feedback system regulates most of the hormonal systems in the body?
32.1.
Negative feedback
33. What is the feedback loop between FSH/LH and GnRH?
33.1.
Negative feedback: GnRH stimulates LH/FSH, increased levels of
LH/FSH inhibit GnRH
34. When is the one time of the month when estrogen overrides the “negative feedback”
system and makes it go to a “positive feedback” loop and why?
34.1.
Estrogen overrides the system 24 hours before ovulation when the
Graafian follicle that is pushing against the ovary sends a signal that the ovum is
ready for ovulation by dumping all of its remaining estrogen into the
bloodstream. This very high level of estrogen stimulates GnRH release which
then stimulates production of both FSH and LH which is needed in order to
trigger ovulation. The GnRH level in this case is so high that it overwhelms the
effect of inhibin. So, massive release of E massive release of GnRH
massive release of LH and FSH ovulation
35. List the Estrogen levels across the monthly cycle:
35.1.
Levels start to increase on Day 1 and gradually increase throughout the
preovulatory phase (because the follicles are growing)
35.2.
Surge (sharp increase) 24 hours prior to ovulation.
35.3.
Levels decrease after surge (through ovulation).
35.4.
Levels rise during the postovulatory phase as the corpus luteum develops.
35.5.
Drop off just before menses when the corpus luteum dies.
36. List the Progesterone levels across the monthly cycle:
36.1.
Levels low on Day 1
36.2.
Stay very low throughout the preovulatory phase
36.3.
Increase during the postovulatory phase with the development of the
corpus luteum
36.4.
Drop off just before menses with the death of the corpus luteum
37. List the FSH levels across the monthly cycle:
37.1.
Begin to rise at the end of the postovulatory phase.
37.2.
Decrease in late preovulatory phase.
37.3.
Surge at the exact time of ovulation because of massive surge of estrogen
by GnRH.
37.4.
Decrease after ovulation and stays low throughout most of the
postovulatory phase
38. List the LH levels across the monthly cycle:
38.1.
Begin to increase on Day 1 to stimulate estrogen
38.2.
Rise to moderate level and stay relatively steady for the rest of the
preovulatory phase
38.3.
Surge at ovulation.
38.4.
Declines right after ovulation to make CL
38.5.
Increases toward the end of the luteal phase and then declines again
39. What is the adrenal gland and where is it located in the body?
39.1.
The adrenal gland is a structure of two simultaneously present independent
endocrine glands, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla, and sits in the
abdominal cavity right above the kidney
40. What is the adrenal medulla and what is its function?
40.1.
Gland (may or may not be an endocrine gland) at the inner core of the
adrenal gland that produces adrenaline and noradrenalin in response to stress like
being hungry, hot, scared, etc.
41. What is the adrenal cortex and what is its function?
41.1.
Gland at the outer cortex of the adrenal gland that produces and releases
adrenocortical hormones in response to stimulation from the tropic hormone
ACTH that is stimulated by the releasing hormone CRH. So, CRH ACTH
adrenocortical hormones
42. What are the three classes of hormones that the adrenal cortex releases and what are
their functions?
42.1.
Glucocorticoids controls glucose metabolism and food intake
42.2.
Mineralocorticoids regulate levels of minerals and electrolytes such as
sodium or potassium
42.3.
Sex steroids (androgen, estrogen and progesterone) various actions on
the body
43. Are steroid hormones fat soluble or water soluble?
43.1.
Fat soluble
44. What is the major source of androgen for women?
44.1.
The adrenal cortex
45. What is the best known and strongest androgen (most prevalent in men)?
45.1.
Testosterone
46. What is the most prevalent form of androgen in women?
46.1.
Androstenedione
47. How does androstenedione have a testosterone effect in women without having the
overall masculinizing effect of testosterone?
47.1.
Once androstenedione enters into its target tissue it is converted to
testosterone. This way, the testosterone acts only on the specific tissue it is meant
for and does not masculinize the rest of the body on its way to the specific target
tissue.
48. What are the three actions of androgen?
48.1.
Controls sex drive
48.2.
Controls acne
48.3.
Stimulates the growth of pubic and underarm hair
49. What is the precursor from which all sex steroids including progesterone,
androstenedione, testosterone and estrogen are produced?
49.1.
Cholesterol
50. Are the sex steroid chemicals and their hormone precursors chemically very
different or very similar from one another?
50.1.
Chemically very similar. In fact, sometimes the receptors for these
hormones can get confused by similar hormones and will respond to the wrong
hormone. This is why some synthetic hormones, like synthetic estrogen, can have
progesterone-like or androgen-like activity in addition to their estrogen-like
activity
51. What are prostaglandins and what effect do they have on the uterus?
51.1.
these are paracrines, meaning they act on tissues very close to their site of
production. Women with dysmenorrhea (cramps) have very high levels of
prostaglandin in their uteri because the prostaglandins are actually stimulating
small contractions in their uterine muscles.
52. Can any drugs inhibit prostaglandins? If so, which ones? When should they be
taken?
52.1.
Over the counter drugs like ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen can be
taken to inhibit prostaglandin production by the endometrium but must be taken
2-3 days before cramps start in order to stop the release of the hormones.
53. What role do prostaglandins play in labor?
53.1.
Prostaglandin levels are high during labor and can be used to stimulate
labor along with oxytocin
54. What is the difference between puberty and adolescence?
54.1.
Puberty refers to the biological maturation of an individual from being
unable to reproduce to being able to reproduce while adolescence refers to the
social transition in which an individual moves from a dependent, child like role
to an independent, adult role.
55. What is the concern about the disparity between puberty and adolescence?
55.1.
The concern is that girls who reach biological maturity early will face
pressures to engage in adult-like behaviors (dating, sex, smoking, drinking)
before their decision making and social skills have matured enough to deal with
these issues.
56. What do Frisch and Tanner report about the age of menarche?
56.1.
The age of menarche has decreased over time
57. What does Herman-Giddens report about the age of menarche and ethnicity?
57.1.
The average age of menarche for black girls is younger than for white girls
(12.2 vs. 12.9 years old) and furthermore suggests that the age of menarche has
stabilized for White girls (because same as Frisch’s findings) but cannot say the
what’s happening for Black girls because of the lack of earlier data.
58. What are Tanner’s five stages of pubertal development?
58.1.
Start of the adolescent growth spurt
58.2.
Thelarche
58.3.
Simultaneous adrenarche and peak of the growth spurt
58.4.
Underarm hair formation
58.5.
Menarche
59. What hormone(s) are involved in the adolescent growth spurt?
59.1.
Estrogen, androgen and growth hormone
60. What is thelarche and what two things occur in this stage?
60.1.
Thelarche= the budding of the breasts
60.1.1. Areola increases in size
60.1.2. Increased breast fat deposition
61. What hormone(s) are involved in thelarche?
61.1.
Estrogen and prolactin
62. What is adrenarche and what hormone(s) are involved?
62.1.
Adrenarche= increased hormone production by the adrenal cortex
62.2.
First sign is pubic hair formation - an androgen effect
63. What hormone(s) are involved in underarm hair formation?
63.1.
Androgen only
64. What is menarche?
64.1.
The first menses
65. Is growth addressed in Herman-Giddens’ study of puberty and adolescence?
65.1.
No!
66. What does Brooks-Gunn specify as an “early maturer”?
66.1.
Those who begin to menstruate in grade six or earlier, so about 11 or less
years old (if their peers are not maturing at that time as well)
67. What are the six things that Brooks-Gunn has to say about early maturers?
67.1.
Have a poorer attitude towards menstruation
67.2.
More likely to report severe menstrual symptoms
67.3.
Have a poorer body image
67.4.
Poorer preparation for menarche
67.5.
May have poorer self-esteem (especially if they change schools at the
time)
67.6.
Earlier onset of dating, smoking, sex and drinking (adult-like behaviors)
68. What are the two things that Brooks-Gunn has to say about late maturers?
68.1.
Increased tension
68.2.
lower self-esteem than their menstruating peers before they reach
menarche
68.3.
After menarche, differences in self-esteem and tension disappear
69. Draw a picture of the relative hormone level changes that occur during puberty:
69.1.
Pre-puberty
Post-puberty
70. What does this picture mean? (Explain it in words)
70.1.
Estrogen, LH and FSH hormone cycles begin before puberty, but they
increase in amplitude during puberty
71. What does Frisch suggest about body fat and menarche?
71.1.
Body fat is a determinant of menarche (have to reach a certain percentage
to begin menstruation) and that intense athletic training can inhibit puberty
because it keeps body fat lower
72. Hormonally, how does body fat influence the onset of menarche?
72.1.
Because androgens are converted to estrogen in body fat tissue, the more
body fat there is the more androgens are converted into estrogen. If estrogen
levels get high enough to decrease the sensitivity of the hypothalamus then this
estrogen level can stimulate the ovary to produce adult levels of estrogen and
thus menarche
73. What is the failure to menstruate?
73.1.
Amenorrhea
74. What is exercise-induced amenorrhea and what happens hormonally in this stage?
74.1.
Failure to menstruate as a result of intense athletic or dance training
74.2.
GnRH, LH and FSH and estrogen levels are suppressed so ovulation does
not occur
75. Is exercise-induced amenorrhea reversible? How?
75.1.
Yes, ending strict athletic/ dance training can cause a return of cyclicity
and menstruation
76. What are three causes of exercise-induce amenorrhea?
76.1.
Low body fat
76.2.
Change in the muscle: fat ratio (muscle > fat) as a result of an increase in
muscle or decrease in fat
76.3.
Nutritional deficit state: energy output > energy input (can be caused as a
result of increasing exercise without eating extra to compensate for the energy
loss)
77. What are the risks associated with amenorrhea?
77.1.
Loss of bone density as a result of low estrogen which increases the risk
of osteoporosis
78. When do eating disorders become most prevalent in the life cycle?
78.1.
Puberty and adolescence but current data suggest they can occur at any
time
79. What is the current argument for why eating disorders occur in some women but
not others?
79.1.
There is a genetic component in certain individuals that is transmitted
from parents that predisposes individuals to develop an eating disorder.
However, this may be dependent on environmental triggers because while
someone may have this trait that predisposes them to develop an eating disorder,
they may not necessarily display it unless they are in a specific environment that
in conducive to this trait.
80. What does Parlee’s research tell us about women’s moods and behaviors during the
menstrual cycle?
80.1.
Both men and women report that women experience very negative
symptoms during the premenstruum
81. What does Ruble’s research tell us about women’s moods and behaviors during the
menstrual cycle?
81.1.
Women convinced that they are premenstrual report more pain and
bloating than women convinced they are not premenstrual
82. What was the effect of societal stereotypes about premenstruum on scientific
research on mood and the monthly cycle?
82.1.
Relaxed standards on scientific procedures in the study of mood or
behavior and the monthly cycle which led to the publication of many studies that
were poorly designed and yielded dubious results
83. In recall studies, what symptoms do women report to be associated with the
menstrual cycle?
83.1.
An increase in negative moods and behaviors premenstrually
83.2.
And sometimes an increase in positive moods during the follicular phase
or midcycle
84. In concurrent studies, what relationships between mood and behavior and the
monthly cycle do women report?
84.1.
More positive moods and behaviors during the follicular phase or at midcycle.
84.2.
They report no correlation between negative moods and behaviors and the
premenstrual phase of the cycle
85. Between recall and concurrent studies, which is a more accurate measure of mood
and behaviors during the menstrual cycle? Why?
85.1.
Concurrent studies because by having women keep daily diaries of their
moods, behaviors and cycle phases the responses are less tainted by stereotypes
of moods/ behaviors
86. About how many women actually experience PMDD as defined by the DSM IV?
86.1.
5-10% of the general population
87. Give some examples of physical, behavioral and mood symptoms of PMS:
87.1.
Physical: breast tenderness, bloating, headache
87.2.
Behavioral: sleep disturbances, poor concentration, and social withdrawal
87.3.
Mood: Irritability, mood swings, anxiety, depression
88. What is the difference between PMS and PMDD?
88.1.
PMS is a more laxly defined set of symptoms which can include physical
as well as psychological symptoms. PMDD is more rigorously defined for
research purposes.
89. PMDD can only be diagnosed as such if the person has at least one of four
behavioral symptoms. What are they?
89.1.
Irritability
89.2.
Tension or anxiety
89.3.
Depressed mood or hopelessness
89.4.
Sudden mood swings
90. What are the four symptomatology requirements for PMDD?
90.1.
Symptoms must occur during most cycles for at least one year
90.2.
Symptoms must interfere with work, social activities and/or relationships
90.3.
Symptoms must be restricted to the perimenstrual time period (7 days
before to 3 days after the onset of menses)
90.4.
Symptoms must be confirmed by daily diary for at least two cycles
91. Name some non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for PMDD
91.1.
Non-pharmacological:
91.1.1. Awareness
91.1.2. Improved social support
91.1.3. Cognitive behavioral therapy
91.1.4. Increased aerobic exercise
91.1.5. Changed diet:
high carbs/ low protein, decreased caffeine and sodium,
increased calcium intake
91.2.
Pharmacological:
91.2.1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
91.2.2. Antianxiolytics
91.2.3. Hormonal contraceptives and GnRH agonists that stop the cycle
The rest of the questions are for exam 3 and the answers will be posted then.