Download 1) What is the median eminence? a) The median eminence is the

1) What is the median eminence?
a) The median eminence is the nucleus at the base of the hypothalamus where
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releasing hormones enter the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system in order to
be transported to the pituitary gland.
What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?
a) It is a specialized blood vessel system that transports releasing hormones from
the median eminence through the infindibulum to the anterior pituitary
What structure produces releasing hormones?
a) The hypothalamus
What are hormones that act “toward” a number of endocrine glands around the body
controlling the production and release of hormones from these endocrine glands?
a) Tropic hormones
What structure produces tropic hormones?
a) The anterior pituitary
6) What is the target tissue of ACTH and what does it do?
a) Target tissue: adrenal cortex,
b) Controls production and release of hormones from the adrenal cortex
7) What is the target tissue of TSH and what does it do?
a) Target tissue: thyroid gland,
b) controls production and release of thyroid hormones which control metabolic
rate
8) What is the target tissue of GH and what does it do?
a) Target tissue: liver, musculature and skeleton
b) affects growth rate
9) What is the target tissue of MSH and what does it do?
a) Target tissue: melanocytes,
b) affects skin pigmentation
10) What does BLPH do?
a) precursor from which natural opiates like endorphins is produced
11) What are the two functions of FSH?
a) stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicles
b) Works with LH to stimulate ovulation
12) What does FSH do in men?
a) Stimulates the production of sperm
13) What are the four functions of LH?
a) Stimulates estrogen production by the ovarian follicle
b) Works with FSH to simulate ovulation
c) Stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum
d) Stimulates estrogen production by the corpus luteum
14) What are the two functions of Prolactin?
a) Stimulates progesterone production by the corpus luteum
b) Stimulates milk production by mammary glands
15) What are the two hormones needed in breastfeeding and what are their functions?
a) Oxytocin (produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and
released by the posterior pituitary) stimulates milk letdown
b) Prolactin (produced in the anterior pituitary) stimulates the alveoli of the
mammary glands to begin producing milk
16) When is FSH most abundant in the menstrual cycle?
a) At the beginning of the month
b) Major surge at ovulation
17) When is LH most abundant in the menstrual cycle?
a) At ovulation, but generally pretty present all throughout cycle
18) What does LH do in men?
a) Stimulates the production of testosterone
19) What are the two functions of Prolactin?
a) Stimulates progesterone production by the corpus luteum
b) Stimulates milk production by mammary glands
20) Can a woman have excessively high or excessively low prolactin levels and still be
fertile?
a) Probably not
21) What are the two hormones needed in breastfeeding and what are their functions?
a) Oxytocin (produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and
released by the posterior pituitary) stimulates milk letdown
b) Prolactin (produced in the anterior pituitary) stimulates the alveoli of the
mammary glands to begin producing milk
22) How is the hypothalamus related to the anterior pituitary?
a) The hypothalamus produces hormones called releasing hormones that control the
production and release of the tropic hormones by the anterior pituitary
23) What are releasing hormones and what do they do?
a) Releasing hormones are hormones produced in the hypothalamus which travel
through the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system to the anterior pituitary and
stimulate and inhibit the production and release of the tropic hormones.
24) What are the seven releasing hormones (RH)?
a) Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)
b) Thyrotropic hormone releasing hormone (TRH)
c) Somatostatin
d) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
e) Gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH)
f) Dopamine
g) Prolactin stimulating hormone (PSH)
25) What does CRH do?
a) Stimulates the production and release of ACTH
26) What does TRH do?
a) Stimulates the production and release of TSH
27) What does Somatostatin do?
a) Inhibits the production and release of GH
28) What does GHRH do?
a) Stimulates the production and release of GH
29) What does GnRH do?
a) Stimulates the production and release of both FSH and LH
30) Where is inhibin produced and what does it do?
a) Inhibin is produced by the ovarian follicle and the corpus luteum
b) it acts at the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production and release of FSH
31) What does Dopamine do?
a) inhibits the production and release of prolactin
32) What does PSH do?
a) stimulates the production and release of prolactin
33) What RH releases two tropic hormones?
a) GnRH releases both LH and FSH
34) What tropic hormones are affected by two RH?
a) GH is stimulated by GHRH and inhibited by Somatostatin
b) prolactin is stimulated by prolactin stimulating factor and inhibited by dopamine
35) In the adult female, how does very low estrogen affect GnRH?
a) Stimulates the production of GnRH
36) In the adult female, how does moderate estrogen affect GnRH?
a) Inhibits GnRH
37) In the adult female, how does very high estrogen affect GnRH?
a) Stimulates GnRH
38) What type of feedback system regulates most of the hormonal systems in the body?
a) Negative feedback
39) What is the feedback loop between FSH/LH and GnRH?
a) Negative feedback: GnRH stimulates LH/FSH, increased levels of LH/FSH
inhibit GnRH
40) When is the one time of the month when estrogen overrides the “negative feedback”
system and makes it go to a “positive feedback” loop and why?
a) Estrogen overrides the system 24 hours before ovulation when the Graafian
follicle that is pushing against the ovary sends a signal that the ovum is ready for
ovulation by dumping all of its remaining estrogen into the bloodstream. This
very high level of estrogen stimulates GnRH release, which then stimulates
production of both FSH and LH which is needed in order to trigger ovulation. The
GnRH level in this case is so high that it overwhelms the effect of inhibin. So,
massive release of E massive release of GnRH massive release of LH and
FSH ovulation
41) List the Estrogen levels across the monthly cycle:
a) Levels start to increase on Day 1 and gradually increase throughout the
preovulatory phase (because the follicles are growing)
b) Surge (sharp increase) 24 hours prior to ovulation.
c) Levels decrease after surge (through ovulation).
d) Levels rise during the postovulatory phase as the corpus luteum develops.
e) Drop off just before menses when the corpus luteum dies.
42) List the Progesterone levels across the monthly cycle:
a) Levels low on Day 1
b) Stay very low throughout the preovulatory phase
c) Increase during the postovulatory phase with the development of the corpus
luteum
d) Drop off just before menses with the death of the corpus luteum
43) List the FSH levels across the monthly cycle:
a) Begin to rise at the end of the postovulatory phase.
b) Decrease in late preovulatory phase.
c) Surge at the exact time of ovulation because of massive surge of estrogen by
GnRH.
d) Decrease after ovulation and stays low throughout most of the postovulatory
phase
44) List the LH levels across the monthly cycle:
a) Begin to increase on Day 1 to stimulate estrogen
b) Rise to moderate level and stay relatively steady for the rest of the preovulatory
phase
c) Surge at ovulation.
d) Declines right after ovulation to make CL
e) Increases toward the end of the luteal phase and then declines again
45) What is the adrenal gland and where is it located in the body?
a) The adrenal gland is a structure of two simultaneously present independent
glands, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla, and sits in the abdominal
cavity right above the kidney
46) What is the adrenal medulla and what is its function?
a) Gland (may or may not be an endocrine gland) at the inner core of the adrenal
gland that produces adrenaline and noradrenalin in response to stress like being
hungry, hot, scared, etc.
47) What is the adrenal cortex and what is its function?
a) Endocrine gland at the outer cortex of the adrenal gland that produces and
releases adrenocortical hormones in response to stimulation from the tropic
hormone ACTH that is stimulated by the releasing hormone CRH. So, CRH
ACTH adrenocortical hormones
48) What are the three classes of hormones that the adrenal cortex releases and what are
their functions?
a) Glucocorticoids controls glucose metabolism and food intake
b) Mineralocorticoids regulate levels of minerals and electrolytes such as sodium
or potassium
c) Sex steroids (androgen, estrogen and progesterone) various actions on the body
49) Are steroid hormones fat soluble or water soluble?
a) Fat soluble
50) What is the major source of androgen for women?
a) The adrenal cortex
51) What is the best known and strongest androgen (most prevalent in men)?
a) Testosterone
52) What is the most prevalent form of androgen in women?
a) Androstenedione
53) How does androstenedione have a testosterone effect in women without having the
overall masculinizing effect of testosterone?
a) Once androstenedione enters into its target tissue it is converted to testosterone.
This way, the testosterone acts only on the specific tissue it is meant for and does
not masculinize the rest of the body on its way to the specific target tissue.
54) What are the three actions of androgen?
a) Controls sex drive
b) Controls acne
c) Stimulates the growth of pubic and underarm hair
55) What is the precursor from which all sex steroids including progesterone,
androstenedione, testosterone and estrogen are produced?
a) Cholesterol
56) Are the sex steroid chemicals and their hormone precursors chemically very different
or very similar from one another?
a) Chemically very similar. This is why some synthetic hormones, like synthetic
estrogen, can have progesterone-like or androgen-like activity in addition to their
estrogen-like activity.
57) What is the difference between puberty and adolescence?
a) Puberty refers to the biological maturation of an individual from being unable to
reproduce to being able to reproduce while adolescence refers to the social
transition in which an individual moves from a dependent, child like role to an
independent, adult role.
58) What is the concern about the disparity between puberty and adolescence?
a) The concern is that girls who reach biological maturity early will face pressures to
engage in adult-like behaviors (dating, sex, smoking, drinking) before their
decision-making and social skills have matured enough to deal with these issues.
59) What do Frisch and Tanner report about the age of menarche?
a) The age of menarche has decreased over time
60) What do we know about the relationship between race/ethnity and the timing of
puberty/menarche?
a) Some studies show Latina or African-American girls going through puberty or
menarche at earlier ages than Caucasian girls but these findings are controversial.
Stresses related to minority status and/or socioeconomic conditions may account
for the differences reported so far.
61) What are Tanner’s five stages of pubertal development?
a) Start of the adolescent growth spurt
b) Thelarche
c) Simultaneous adrenarche and peak of the growth spurt
d) Underarm hair formation
e) Menarche
62) What hormone(s) are involved in the adolescent growth spurt?
a) Estrogen, androgen and growth hormone
63) What is thelarche and what two things occur in this stage?
a) Thelarche= the budding of the breasts
i) Areola increases in size
ii) Increased breast fat deposition
64) What hormone(s) are involved in thelarche?
a) Estrogen and prolactin
65) What is adrenarche and what hormone(s) are involved?
a) Adrenarche= increased hormone production by the adrenal cortex
b) First sign is pubic hair formation - an androgen effect
66) What hormone(s) are involved in underarm hair formation?
a) Androgen only
67) What is menarche?
a) The first menses
68) What are factors have been found to correlate with early menarche?
a) increased menstrual distress
b) more worry about menstruation
c) poorer preparation for menses
d) increased risk of depression
e) more negative body image and disordered eating
f) increased risk of substance abuse
g) higher risk for poor school performance
h) increased social popularity
i) earlier onset of dating and sexual behavior
69) Draw a picture of the relative hormone level changes that occur during puberty:
a) Pre-puberty
Post-puberty
70) What does this picture mean? (Explain it in words)
a) Estrogen, LH and FSH hormone cycles begin before puberty, but they increase in
amplitude during puberty
71) What does Frisch suggest about body fat and menarche?
a) Body fat is a determinant of menarche (have to reach a certain percentage to begin
menstruation) and that intense athletic training can inhibit puberty because it
keeps body fat lower
72) Hormonally, how does body fat influence the onset of menarche?
a) Because androgens are converted to estrogen in body fat tissue, the more body fat
there is the more androgens are converted into estrogen. If estrogen levels get
high enough to decrease the sensitivity of the hypothalamus then this estrogen
level can stimulate the ovary to produce adult levels of estrogen and thus
menarche
73) What is the word that means lack of menstruation?
a) Amenorrhea
74) What is exercise-induced amenorrhea and what happens hormonally in this stage?
a) Failure to menstruate as a result of intense athletic or dance training
b) GnRH, LH and FSH and estrogen levels are suppressed so ovulation does not
occur
75) Is exercise-induced amenorrhea reversible? How?
a) Yes, ending strict athletic/ dance training can cause a return of cyclicity and
menstruation
76) What are three causes of exercise-induce amenorrhea?
a) Low body fat
b) Change in the muscle: fat ratio (muscle > fat) as a result of an increase in muscle
or decrease in fat
c) Nutritional deficit state: energy output > energy input (can be caused as a result of
increasing exercise without eating extra to compensate for the energy loss)
77) What are the risks associated with amenorrhea?
a) Loss of bone density as a result of low estrogen which increases the risk of
osteoporosis
78) What was the effect of societal stereotypes about premenstruum on scientific research
on mood and the monthly cycle?
a) Relaxed standards on scientific procedures in the study of mood or behavior and
the monthly cycle which led to the publication of many studies that were poorly
designed and yielded dubious results
79) In recall studies, what symptoms do women report to be associated with the menstrual
cycle?
a) An increase in negative moods and behaviors premenstrually
b) And sometimes an increase in positive moods during the follicular phase or
midcycle
80) In concurrent studies, what relationships between mood and behavior and the monthly
cycle do women report?
a) More positive moods and behaviors during the follicular phase or at mid-cycle.
b) They report no correlation between negative moods and behaviors and the
premenstrual phase of the cycle
81) Between recall and concurrent studies, which is a more accurate measure of mood
and behaviors during the menstrual cycle? Why?
a) Concurrent studies because by having women keep daily diaries of their moods,
behaviors and cycle phases the responses are less tainted by stereotypes of moods/
behaviors
82) About how many women actually experience PMDD as defined by the DSM 5?
a) 3-8% of the general population
83) PMDD can only be diagnosed as such if the person has at least one of four behavioral
symptoms. What are they?
a) Marked affective lability
b) Marked irritability or anger
c) Depressed mood or hopelessness
d) Marked anxiety, tension
84) What other symptoms may also occur with PMDD?
a) Decreased interest in usual activities
b) Difficulty concentrating
c) Lethargy
d) Change of appetite/overeating/food cravings
e) Sleep changes – hypersomnia, insomnia
f) Feeling of being overwhelmed or out of control
g) Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness, joint pain, bloating
85) What are the other requirements for diagnosis with PMDD?
a) Symptoms must occur during most cycles for at least one year
b) Symptoms must interfere with work, social activities and/or relationships
c) Symptoms must be restricted to the perimenstrual time period (7 days before to 3
days after the onset of menses)
d) Symptoms must be confirmed by daily diary for at least two cycles
e) Symptoms not due to drug use or general medical condition
86) Name some non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for PMDD
a) Non-pharmacological:
i) Awareness
ii) Improved social support
iii) Cognitive behavioral therapy
iv) Increased aerobic exercise
v) Changed diet: high carbs/ low protein, decreased caffeine and sodium,
increased calcium intake
b) Pharmacological:
i) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
ii) Anxiolytics
iii) Hormonal contraceptives and GnRH agonists that stop the cycle
87) What is menstrual synchrony and what is the cause?
a) Menstrual synchrony is the tendency for cycles of women who live together to
become more synchronous (existing or occurring at the same time). It is
apparently a response to pheromonal secretions (like those found in underarm
perspiration).
88) Who first described menstrual synchrony and when?
a) McClintock, 1971
89) Stern and McClintock (1998) found that women exposed to underarm secretions from
women in their late follicular phase (post menses to the day before LH surge) resulted
in what?
a) Earlier LH surge (ovulation) and shortening of the cycle
90) Stern and McClintock (1998) found that women exposed to underarm secretions from
women who had just ovulated resulted in what?
a) Delayed LH surge and lengthened cycle in recipient
91) Do all cohabitating women become synchronous?
a) No, factors leading to menstrual synchrony are not fully clear, but a greater
number of shared activities may result in greater likelihood of synchrony
92) Did McClintock (1971) suggest that cycle length may be increased, decreased or
become more regular when a woman has contact with males at least 3 times per
week?
a) Decreased
93) Did Burleson suggest that cycle length may be increased, decreased or become more
regular with intercourse at least once a week?
a) Cycle length becomes more regular
94) Extreme stress during the preovulatory phase results in what?
a) Increased cycle length and delayed ovulation
95) Extreme stress during the postovulatory phase results in what?
a) Decreased cycle length and earlier menses
96) At what time in the cycle did Harvey find an increase in female autosexual behaviors?
a) A clear peak at ovulation
97) What effect of the cycle did Harvey find on male partners of women?
a) Partner initiated behavior follows the pattern of female autosexual behavior. They
are more likely to initiate sex at ovulation, perhaps in response to chemical or
behavioral signals from the woman.
98) What effect of the cycle did Matteo & Risman find on female partners of women?
a) The pattern of partner initiated behavior did not follow that of female autosexual
behavior.