* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
Survey
Document related concepts
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 9-1 Chemical Pathways Chemical Energy and Food • Cellular respiration happens ________ and in many _______. • If all the energy was release in one step . . . Most would be lost as _______ and _______! Cellular respiration breaks down _________ molecules and banks their energy in ________. Photosyntheis _______ + _______+ ______ ______ + ______ Respiration _______ + _______ ______ + ______ + ______ The two equations are exact ___________! • Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1o Celsius = ________ • Unit for measuring energy in food = __________ • 1 Calorie = ______________ Overview of Cellular Respiration Occurs in three main stages Stage 1: Glycolysis • Occurs in the ______________ • Breaks down glucose into ______________________ _______________________________ Stage 2: The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) • Takes place in the ________________ • _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ • Provides third stage of cell respiration with ____________ Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) • Occurs in the _________________ • Uses the ___________________________________to pump H+ across a membrane • Harnesses the energy of the _________________________ ______________________, producing ATP NADH High-energy electrons carried by NADH Stage 1 NAD H an d Stage 1 Stage 2 GLYCOLYSI S Glucos Pyruvat e e FADH 2 Stage 3 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis) CITRIC ACID CYCLE Krebs Stage 2 Mitochondrio n Cytoplas m CO Stage 3 ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation 2 CO AT P Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP 2 Oxidative phosphorylation Understanding Oxidation and Reduction • Oxidation _______________________; electrons are removed from hydrogen atoms contained in glucose. • Reduction _______________________; oxygen atoms accept hydrogen and electrons forming water H2O. • Remember ______________________________________________ Electron Carriers (enzymes) Involved • NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) _________________________________________ • FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) _________________________________________ Glycolysis (Clykos = ________, Lysis = _______________) • The first step in cellular respiration = _____________ • Happens is the ______________ outside the mitochondria • Does not require ________, BUT it needs some ________ to get it started. • What molecule is going to supply the energy? T P PUT IN ________ and GET BACK ________ Net gain of ________ and _________ • Produces pyruvic acid (pyruvate – __________________________) • Cell needs to invest some energy to get a _______________________ • Occurs quickly, in __________________to respond to increased energy demand 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport The Krebs Cycle • Has a double membrane, with an ___________________________ • ___________________________of the inner membrane • The _____________is the innermost compartment, which is filled with a ____________________. • _________________________________________________of the mitochondria. • Pyruvic acid enters the _________________________. • Pyruvic acid is converted into an intermediate ___________________ ______________________________ before entering the Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle breaks down carbon compounds into ____________ ____________________________________________________. Carbon dioxide is __________________________________ ATP can be used directly to ___________________________ High energy electron carriers move into the _______________ _____________________ Electron Transport Chain • Enzymes ____________________ for the electron transport chain are located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Several complexes are called __________________. • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain, ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ • Energy released by the redox reactions is used to _________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ CHEMIOSMOSIS • In chemiosmosis, the H+ diffuses back through the ________________ __________________________________. Driving the synthesis of ATP . H H + + + Electron carrier FADH Electron flow H + H+ Intermembrane space + H H + + ATP synthase FAD 2 1 O 2 NAD NAD H Mitochondrial matrix H H Protein complex Inner mitochondrial membrane H+ + H 2 + H + H + H2O H + + 2 AD P Electron Transport Chain OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION ATP P H+ Chemiosmosis Fermentation • Pyruvic acid moves to the next step – If there is no oxygen = _____________ – If there is oxygen = ______________ Fermentation • Fermentation – _______________________________________________ • Two types of fermentation: 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ Alcoholic Fermentation • Happens when _______ makes bread dough rise, _____________ make air spaces in bread. (Alcohol _____________ during cooking) • Happens when: – _______________________________ – _______________________________ Lactic Acid Fermentation • Happens in ________ during exercise when body can’t get _________ to tissues fast enough. • ______________ builds up in muscles causing _________. • Bacteria use lactic acid fermentation to make: ____________________________________________________________ The Totals • Cellular Respiration (aerobic: _____________) 1 glucose _________ • Fermentation (anaerobic: _______________) 1 glucose ________