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1. Hapten is:
А. Conjugated antigen
B. Antigen that induces immunological tolerance
C. Molecules, incapable of eliciting an antibody response
D. Т-cell receptor
2. Chemically, antigens are:
А. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Lipids
E. All above
3. Who established concept of humoral immunity?
А. Emil Von Behring
B. Carl Landsteiner
C. Elie Metchnikoff
D. Paul Erlich
4. Who established concept of cell-mediated immunity?
А. Elie Metchnikoff
B. Louis Pasteur
C. Cesar Milstein
D. Merril Chase
5. Professional antigen-presenting cells are:
А. Monocytes
B. Macrophages
C. Dendritic cells
D. В-cells
E. Т-cells
6. Mononuclear phagocytes are:
А. Monocytes
B. Kupffer cells
C. Microglia cells
D. Osteoclasts
E. Langerhans cells
7. In which way do immature В-cells react on antigen stimulation:
А. Proliferation
B. Differentiation
C. Producing IgM-antibodies
D. Producing IgG-antibodies
E. Apoptosis
F. Presentation of an antigen to mature В-cells
8. Functions of В-cell membrane molecules are:
А. Contact with other cells of the immune system
B. Contact with intracellular matrix
C. Contact with immunoglobulins
D. Contact with complement components
E. All above
F. Nothing above
9. Antimicrobial activity of macrophage depends on:
А. Fusing of phagosomes and lysosomes
B. Reactive oxygen intermediates production
C. NO production
D. All above
10. Which one of the following anatomical regions is most likely to show a predominance of
T lymphocytes?
A. A periarteriolar sheet in the spleen
B. A Peyer's patch in the small intestine
C. A tonsilar follicle
D. The bone marrow
E. The germinal center of a lymph node follicle
11. Name three features of a secondary immune response that distinguish it from a primary
immune response.
12. Name the steps in phagocytosis of a bacterium.
13. Physical and anatomic barriers in nonspecific host defense are:
A. Skin
B. Cerebrospinal fluid
C. Mucous membranes
D. All above
14. Organs lined by mucous membranes:
A. Skin
B. Respiratory tract
C. Alimentary tract
D. Inner surface of blood vessels
E. All above
15. Soluble factors that contribute to innate immunity:
A. T- and B-cells
B. Lysozyme
C. Complement
D. Hormones
E. All above
16. Macrophages and dendritic cells are similar in:
А. Origination
B. Structure
C. Phagocytic activity
D. Primary immune response initiation
17. Oxygen-dependent microbicidal factors of macrophages are:
А. О2
B. Н2О2
C. NO
D. All above
18. Spleen is:
А. An organ of central immune system
B. An organ of peripheral immune system
C. Not an organ of immune system
D. A place where T-lymphocytes maturate
19. Antibodies are expressed on the surface of:
А. В-cells
B. Dendritic cells
C. NK-cells
D. Т-cells
20. Positive and negative selection in thymus results in death of:
A. 5% of cells
B. 20% of cells
C. Less than 2% of cells
D. 90% of cells
21. Mature T-cell surface molecule is::
А. CD5
B. CD3
C. CD34
D. CD45
22. The major granulocyte population is:
А. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Dendritic cells
D. Neutrophils
E. Non of the above
23. Antigens are defined as:
A. Substances which induce an immune response
B. Substances which are released by T-cells to kill microbes
C. Own proteins with non-regular structure
D. Foreign proteins which induce immune tolerance
24. To induce the formation of antibodies haptens should be attached to:
A. Erythrocytes
B. Carriers
C. T-cells
D. Non of the above
25. Antigenic determinant
A. That part of the structure of an antigen molecule that is responsible for specific interaction
with antibody molecules.
B. A substance that will elicit the formation of antibodies in a suitable host.
C. A specific substance that interacts with specific antibody-combining sites of an antibody.
D. Non of the above.
26. What are the properties of antigen?
26. Particulate antigens are:
A. Cells
B. Proteins
C. Viruses
D. Nucleic acids
E. All above
27. Acquired immunity specifically obtained through the transfer of serum from one
individual to a second in order to fight disease is an example of __________?
28. Which is smaller?
A. Antigen
B. Antibody
C. Epitope
D. B cell
E. Protein
F. Viral envelope protein
28. Another name for an "antigenic determinant" is a(n) __________.
29. How does the lack of a spleen effect B cell function, and what implications does this have
towards the immune response to infective agents? In Adults? In Children?
30. Which of the following generally does not apply to bone marrow (a primary lymphoid organ)
and secondary lymphoid organs?
A. cellular proliferation
B. differentiation of lymphocytes
C. cellular interaction
D. antigen-dependent response
E. None of the above.
31. Which of the following apply uniquely to secondary lymphoid organs?
A. presence of precursor B and T cells
B. circulation of lymphocytes
C. terminal differentiation
D. cellular proliferation
E. All of the above.
32. Which of the following does not apply to "innate" immune mechanisms?
A. absence of specificity
B. activation by a stimulus
C. involvement of multiple cell types
D. a memory component
33. Which of the following is the major function of the lymphoid system?
A. innate immunity
B. inflammation
C. phagocytosis
D. acquired immunity
E. None of the above.
34. Removal of the bursa of Fabricius from a chicken results in
A. a markedly decreased number of circulating T lymphocytes.
B. anemia.
C. delayed rejection of skin graft.
D. low serum levels of antibodies in serum.
E. all of the above.
F. none of the above.
35. The germinal centers found in the cortical region of lymph nodes and the peripheral region of
splenic periarteriolar lymphatic tissue
A. support the development of immature B and T cells.
B. function in the removal of damaged erythrocytes from the circulation.
C. act as the major source of stem cells and thus help to maintain hematopoiesis.
D. provide an infrastructure that on antigenic stimulation contains large populations of B
lymphocytes and plasma cells.
E. are the sites of NK-cell differentiation.
36. Which of the following is correct?
A. NK cells proliferate in response to antigen.
B. NK cells kill their target cells by phagocytosis and intracellular digestion.
C. NK cells are a subset of polymorphonuclear cells.
D. NK-cell killing is extracellular.
E. NK cells are particularly effective against certain bacteria.
37. The following properties render a substance immunogenic:
A. high molecular weight
B. chemical complexity
C. sufficient stability and persistence after injection
D. All of the above.
E. All of the above are essential but not sufficient.
38. The protection against smallpox afforded by prior infection with cowpox represents
A. antigenic specificity.
B. antigenic cross-reactivity.
C. enhanced viral uptake by macrophages.
D. innate immunity.
E. passive protection.
39. Converting a toxin to a toxoid
A. makes the toxin more immunogenic.
B. reduces the pharmacologic activity of the toxin.
C. enhances binding with antitoxin.
D. induces only innate immunity.
E. increases phagocytosis.
40. Haptens
A. require carrier molecules to be immunogenic.
B. react with specific antibodies when homologous carriers are not employed.
C. interact with specific antibody even if the hapten is monovalent.
D. cannot stimulate secondary antibody responses without carriers.
E. all of the above.
41. An immunologic adjuvant is a substance that
A. reduces the toxicity of the immunogen.
B. enhances the immunogenicity of haptens.
C. enhances hematopoiesis.
D. enhances the immune response against the immunogen.
E. enchances immunologic cross-reactivity.
42. An antibody made against the antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) reacts with it even when the TT is
denatured by disrupting all disulfide bonds. Another antibody against TT fails to react when the
TT is similarly denatured. The most likely explanation can be stated as follows:
A. The first antibody is specific for several epitopes expressed by TT.
B. The first antibody is specific for the primary amino acid sequence of TT, whereas the second
is specific for conformational determinants.
C. The second antibody is specific for disulfide bonds.
D. The first antibody has a higher affinity for TT.
43. The ability of an antigen to induce an immune response does NOT depend on the antigen's
A. ability to enter the thyroid.
B. degree of aggregation.
C. dose.
D. size.
E. usual presence in the body.
44. Antigen entering the body in a subcutaneous injection activates its specific lymphocytes in
the
A. blood circulation.
B. draining lymph nodes.
C. MALT.
D. skin.
E. spleen.
45. Immunogenicity
A. depends on the ability of the native antigen to be presented by MHC.
B. is usually a property of "self" antigens such as eye tissue.
C. is not a property of antibodies.
D. is not a property of haptens.
E. only applies to antigens that are composed of proteins.
46. Lymphocytes are activated by antigen in the
A. blood stream.
B. bone marrow.
C. liver.
D. lymph nodes.
E. skin.
47. A molecule that can be covalently linked to a non-immunogenic antigen to make it an
immunogen is called a(n)
A. adjuvant.
B. carrier.
C. hapten.
D. mitogen.
E. superantigen.
48. Which statement about antigen epitopes is FALSE?
A. An epitope may be shared by two different antigens.
B. A protein molecule usually contains multiple epitopes.
C. B cells bind only processed antigen epitopes.
D. Epitopes may be linear or assembled.
E. Some epitopes are more immunogenic than others
49. CD antigens
A. allow leukocytes to recognize antigen.
B. are each expressed on only one cell type.
C. are expressed on immune cells by immunologists to "mark" them for separation.
D. are found only on leukocytes.
E. function as receptors for cytokine and CAMs.