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CHAPTER 11 NOTE-TAKER
NAME_________________Period #____
USE THE FOLLOWING WORDS TO COMPLETE THE CH. 11 NOTE-TAKER.
ANAPHASE
ALLELES
INCOMPLETE
LINKED
ASSORT
MAP
BLOOD
ONE HUNDRED(100)
BLUE
ONE(1)
CELL
PARENT
CONTINUITY
PEA
CROSS (USE TWICE)
PHENOTYPE
CROSSING
PINK
CYTOPLASM
POLAR
DAUGHTER
POLLEN
DIFFERENT
PREDICT
DIPLOID
PROBABILITY
DIVERSITY
RANDOMLY
DOMINANCE
RANGE
DOMINANT
REPLICATION
DROSOPHLIA
SEGREGATED
EGGS(TWICE)
SEGREGATION
ENVIRONMENT
SELF
EQUALLY
SEVEN(7)
F1(USE TWICE)
SEVENTY-FIVE(75)
F2
SEX
FERTILIZATION
SEXUAL
FIRST
SHORT
FRUIT
TALL
GAMETES (TWICE)
TETRADS
GENERATION
THREE(3)
HAPLOID
TRAIT
HEREDITY
TWENTY-FIVE(25)
HETEROZYGOUS
TWENTY-THREE(23)
HOMOZYGOUS
HYBRID
HIDDEN
TWO(2)
IDENTICAL
ZYGOTE
VARIATION
INDEPENDENTLY
SLIDE 1 :OUTLINE
SLIDE 2
THE FIRST GENERATION IS ABBREVIATED___; THE 2ND IS ABBREVIATED__
SLIDE 3(BOX 1-3)
HERDITY= BIOLOGICAL INHERITANCE
GENETICS= STUDY OF______________ - WHAT MAKES EACH SPECIES UNIQUE
SLIDE (BOX 4)
GREGOR MENDEL- BORN 1822- AS MONK IN AUSTRIA, HE WAS IN CHARGE OF GARDEN- WORKED
WITH _________ PLANTS 7 YRS.
SLIDE 5(B5-7)
_______ POLLINATION- POLLEN FROM SAME PLANT = PURE LINES
TRUE BREEDING, PUREBRED PLANTS- ALL PRODUCE____________ OFFSPRING
_________POLLINATION- POLLEN FROM DIFFERENT PLANT TRANSFERRED BY HAND- RESULTS IN
CHARACTERISTICS FROM 2 PARENT PLANTS CREATING VARIETY IN OFFSPRING .
SLIDE 6(BOX 8-11)
HE STUDIED ___ FACTORS – TRAITS- (CAUSED BY GENES) MENDEL (EX. SHAPE, POD COLOR, FLOWER
POSITION, AND PLANT HEIGHT)
F1 - FILIAL GENERATION-_________ OFFSPRING FROM A CROSS OF the parent generation.
F2 - OFFSPRING FOM A CROSS OF THE F1 ORGANISMS F1 X F1
HYBRID-OFFSPRING FROM PARENTS WITH 2 DIFFERENT TRAITS
SLIDE 7
IN THE “P” GENERATION, THE PLANTS ARE ______AND______
SLIDE 8
IN THE F1 GENERATION ______% ARE TALL
IN THE F2 GENERATION, ______% ARE TALL AND ____% ARE SHORT
SLIDE 9(BOX12)
ALL F1 PLANTS SHOW THE ____________ TRAIT!
SLIDE 10(B13-15)
GENES DETERMINE INHERITANCE. THEY ARE PASSED FROM ONE __________TO THE NEXT.
_____________ ARE CORRESPONDING/CONTRASTING VERSIONS OF A GENE FOR A PARTICULAR
TRAIT.
PRINCIPLE OF ____________________-ALLELES ARE EITHER DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE
SLIDE 11 (B16-17)
_____________ TRAIT- CHARACTERISTIC ALWAYS IS EXSPRESSED- USUALLY SHOWN WITH CAPITAL
LETTER (ex. T FOR TALL A DOMINANT CHARACTERISTIC IN PEAS)
RECESSIVE TRAIT- CHARACTERISTIC THAT IS _____________ - NOT SHOWN (ex. t IS FOR SHORT, A
RECESSIVE CHARACTERISTIC IN PEAS)
SLIDE 12(B18)
TO FIND OUT IF THE RECESSIVE TRAITS DISSAPPEARED COMPLETELY, MENDEL CROSSED _____ x F1
TO CREATE AN F2 GENERATION
SLIDES 13/14 MENDEL’S EXP.
SLIDE 15(STILL BOX 18)
THE SHORT TRAIT REAPPEARED BECAUSE THERE WAS _____________(SEPARATION) OF
ALLELES (CORRESPONDING VERSIONS OF A GENES FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT) DURING MEIOSIS
WHEN THE _____________ (SEX CELLS) WERE PRODUCED.
SLIDE 16
EACH PARENT IN THE F2 WAS A HYBRID- (HETEROXYGOUS) ORGANISMS WHICH SHOW ONLY 1
PARENT CHARACTERISTIC WHILE THE OTHER REMAINS HIDDEN. WHEN 2 HYBRIDS ARE MATED, A
___: ___ RATIO IS CREATED IN THE F2 GENERATION
THE RECESSIVE WILL SHOW UP AGAIN 3:1 RATIO
SLIDE 17(B19-20)
_________________ - LIKELIHOOD A PARTICULAR EVENT WILL OCCUR – PREDICT WHAT WILL
HAPPEN – USE RATIO – IF SOMETHING WILL HAPPEN ½ THE TIME 50:50 OR 1:
ALLELLES SEPARATE FROM EACH OTHER __________ DURING ANAPHASE (MEIOSIS), BUT
PROBABILITY CAN HELP US __________THE OUTCOME OF A CROSS.
SLIDE 18(B21-25)
PUNNENT SQUARE – USED TO PREDICT RESULT OF A CROSS BETWEEEN TWO ORGANISMS (EX.
_______________ - WHAT THE ORGANISM PHYSICALLY LOOKS LIKE OR THE TRAITS IT POSSESSES.
GENOTYPE – WHAT TWO ALLELLES (GENES) ACTUALLY EXIST WITHIN THE ORGANISM’S
CHROMOSOMES
___________________ (HYBRID) – ALLIES DIFFERENT EX. Tt
___________________ DOMINANT – TWO IDENTICAL ALLELES – EX. TT
HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE – TWO IDENTICAL ALLELES -- EX. Tt
SLIDE19
MONO_________ CROSS – 1 FACTOR (TRAIT) OBSERVED IN A CROSS OF TWO ORGANISMS
Which eye color is recessive?____________
SLIDE 20
DIHYBRID CROSS- SHOWS EXPECTED RESULTS FOR (13)._____ FACTORS (TRAITS) TESTED
TOGETHER
EX. CROSS ROUND YELLOW SEED WITH WRINKLED GREED SEED
SLIDE 21 TWO FACTOR CROSS(DIHYBRID)
EX. R = ROUND
rr = WRINKLED
Y = YELLOW
yy = GREEN
RrYy
X
RrYy
SLIDE 22(B27)
RrYy
X
RrYy
YEILDS 4 POSSIBLE MALE (14).__________ AND 4 POSSIBLE FEMALE GAMETES
EACH PARENT CAN MAKE THE FOLLOWING DIFFERING GAMETES
RY, Ry , rY, Ry
SLIDE 23(B28)
APPLYING MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES
1. THE FACTORS THAT CONTROL HEREDITY ARE INDIVIDUAL UNITS KNOWN AS __________. IN
ORGANISMS THAT REPRODUCE SEXUALLY, GENES ARE INHERITED FROM EACH PARENT.
2. IN CASES IN WHICH AN ORGANISM POSSESSES TWO FORMS OF THE GENE FOR A SINGLE TRAIT, SOME
FORMS OF THE GENE MAY BE DOMINANT AND OTHER MAY BE RECESSIVE.
3. THE TWO FORMS OF EACH GENE ARE ________________ DURING THE FORMATION OF REPRODUCTIVE
CELLS.
4. THE GENE FOR DIFFERENT TRAITS MAY ASSORT _____________________ OF ONE OTHER.
SLIDE 24(B29)
PRINCIPAL OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT:
GENES FOR DIFFERENT TRAITS LOCATED ON DIFEERENT CHROMOSOMES CAN __________INTO
DIFFERENT EGGS OR SPERM INDEPENDENTLY.
SLIDE 25 (B30)
EXCEPTIONS TO MENDEL’S RULES
_________________ DOMINANCE: ONE ALLELLE DOES NOT TOTALLY OVERPOWER THE OTHER ALLELE.
SLIDE 26(B31)
WITH INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE, THE PHENOTYPE(LOOK) OF THE OFFSPRING IS A BLEND OF THE
PARENTS LOOKS. RED X WHITE YEILDS>>>> _____________
SLIDE 27(B32,33)
CODOMINANCE: BOTH ALLELES CONTRIBUTE ______________
ex> RED COW +WHITE COW = ROAN(RED AND WHITE PRESENT)
SLIDE 28(B33,35)
MULTIPLE ALLELES:WHEN MORE THAN 2 ALLELES FOR A TRAIT EXIST IN THE HUMAN
GENE POOL. Ex. ____________TYPES (A, B, AB, O)
SLIDE 29(B36,37)
POLYGENIC INHERITANCE: TRAITS CONTROLLED BY MORE THAN ONE GENE(POLY=MANY)
ex. HUMAN SKIN COLOR/HEIGHT SHOWS A WIDE __________ OF LOOKS(PHENOTYPES)
SLIDE 30(B38)
THOMAS MORGAN USED DROSOPHILIA(_________ FLIES) TO TEST MENDELS PRINCIPALS
SLIDE 31(B39) GENE EXPRESSION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE AFFECTED BY THE
_____________
SLIDE 32(B40)GENES ARE SAID TO BE ___________ IF THEY ARE ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME
SLIDE 33(B41)
DURING PROPHASE 1 OF MEIOSIS, ___________ OVER IN TETRADS ALLOW SISTER CHROMATIDS TO
EXCHANGE GENES WHICH ADDS GENETIC _________________
SLIDE34
A GENE_______ SHOWS GENE LOCATION ON THE CHROMSOMES
MEIOSIS
HOW GAMETES ARE FORMED- GAMETES ARE (20). _________ CELLS –
FEMALE =( 21). ______(OR OVULES); MALE = SPERM (OR POLLEN)
TOGETHER MAKE A NEW ORGANISM, WHICH MUST HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AS
EACH OF THE PARENTS. EGG+SPERM =( 22). ________
I.
CHROMOSOME NUMBER
A. (23). _____________= FRUIT FLY
1. 2 SETS OF CHROMOSOMES (DIPLOID # = 8)
4 CHROMOSOMES FROM MALE PARENT
4 CHROMOSOMES FROM FEMALE PARENT
2. HOMOLOGOUS CORRESPONDING SETS – EACH ONE = HOMOLOG
3.( 24). ____________ - CELL HAS 2 COMPLETE SETS OF GENES (2N)
8 FOR FRUIT FLY, 46 FOR HUMANS
4. ALLELES – DIFFERENT FORM OF GENE FOR SAME (25). __________EX. EYE COLOR
5. GAMETES- SEX CELLS ARE HAPLOID – (1N)– 1 SET OF GENES
IN FRUIT FLY N = 4 IN HUMANS N = 23
II. PHASES OF MEIOSIS (NECESSARY FOR( 26). ___________ REPRODUCTION)
A. MEIOSIS (REPRODUCTION DIVISION) PRODUCES HAPLOID (SEX) CELLS = N
1. TWO PARTS OF PHASES
2. MEIOSIS I
a. PROPHASE I –( 27). ___________ FORM = 4 CHROMOSOMES IN SYNAPSIS
b. METAPHASE II – CROSSING OVER (EXCHANGE CAN TAKE PLACE) NEW
COMBINATIONS OF GENES
c. (28). ___________ - MOVEMNET, SEPARATION
d. TELOPHASE II – EACH NEW CELL HAS 2 N CHROMOSOMES OR 8 FOR FRUIT FLY
3. MEIOSIS II
a. NO (29). ________________ OF DNA(NO REAL INTERPHASE)
b. GOES THROUGH P M A T AGAIN
c. 4 DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCED EACH WITH A (30). __________ (REDUCED BY HALF)
NUMBER – EX. 4 FOR FRUIT FLYS (31). _____ FOR HUMANS (NO MORE PAIRS)
III. MEIOSIS & GENETICS
A. SEGREGATION AND INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS
B. RANDOM CHANCE – IT IS UNKNOWN WHICH CELL GET WHICH GENES ON THE CHROMOSOMES.
IV. GAMETE FORMATION
A. MALE – 4 GAMETES = SPERM IN ANIMALS (32). __________ IN PLANTS
B. FEMALE – ONLY ONE GAMETE IN 4 SURVIVES TO BE USED FOR REPRODUCTION = (33).
________ IN ANIMALS (OVULE IN PLANTS)
ONLY 1 (THE EGG) RECEIVES MOST OF THE (34). ___________
THE THREE OTHERS ARE CALLED (35). ___________ BODIES WHICH DO NOT TAKE PART IN
REPRODUCTION.
V. COMPARING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
A. MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS STARTS WITH 1 DIPLOID CELL AND ENDS WITH 2 DIPLOID (36).
__________________ CELLS THAT ARE IDENTICAL TO THE
B. (37). ___________ CELLS
C. MEIOSIS BEGINS WITH A DIPLOID (38). __________ - PRODUCES 4 HAPLOID CELLS CALED
GAMETES WHICH ARE GENETICALLY (39). _____________ FROM THE PARENT CELLS AND
FROM EACH OTHER
GAMETES: MALE & FEMALE SEX CELLS
FERTILIZATION: UNITING OF MALE & FEMALE SEX CELLS
MITOSIS ENSURES GENETIC (40). ___________ (NO GENE SHUFFLING).
MEIOSIS CREATES GENETIC(41). ________________ (SHUFFLING GENES) WHICH HELPS THE
SPECIES “ CHANGE SLOWLY OVER TIME” (EVOLVE).