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Transcript
Chapter 24 Metabolism and Nutrition Metabolism • • = all chemical reactions of the body anabolism build molecules store energy endergonic release energy exergonic • protein synthesis • DNA synthesis • glycogen, lipids • ATP synthesis • catabolism • living things obtain energy from the environment, stored in chemical bonds of its nutrients • living things obtain building blocks from the environment break molecules • cell respiration • glycogen, lipids, proteins • food digestion – – all from the sun all from CO2 and H2O building blocks • • • CHO – monosaccharides – glycogen glucose fructose galactose lipids – – glycerol fatty acids proteins – amino acids other players • • ATP energy transfer molecule electron carriers: – – NADH FADH2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide flavin adenine dinucleotide CHO metabolism • • • • • digestion CHO glucose glycolysis glucose pyruvic acid glycogenesis glucose glycogen glycogenloysis glycogen glucose gluconeogenesis glycerol amino acids lactic acid glucose glucose glucose glucose’s destiny • • • • to glycogen glycogenesis to pyruvic acid glycolysis (storage) ATP after glycolysis – – to lactic acid anaerobic respiration to CO2 + H2O aerobic respiration ATP lipogenesis (storage) to FA Glycogen path • • • • storage more efficient vs glucose glucose gluc-6- P traps glucose in cell glycogenesis gluc-6-P to glycogen glycogen synthetase – – skeletal muscle liver glycogenolysis – – (osmosis) glycogen to gluc-6-P glycogen phosphatase muscle avail for aerobic resp. liver avail for aerobic resp. to glucose blood glucose glucose-6-phosphatase (SGPT) glycolysis path • • • • Glucose 2 pyruvic acid + 2ATP + 2NADH after glycolysis: anaerobic respiration – pyruvic acid w/o O2 • electron acceptor = • no more ATP made lactic acid lactic acid aerobic respiration – pyruvic acid w/ O2 • electron acceptor • a lot more ATP made CO2 + H2O = oxygen glycolysis details • • glucose enters cell – (use 2 ATP) glucose-6-phosphate – (use 2 ATP) • fructose-1,6,biphosphate • – 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate – (makes 4 ATP) (2 NAD+ 2 NADH + H+) • 2 pyruvic acid • result: 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2 NADH lactic acid pathway • • • • • • = anaerobic respiration 2 pyruvic acid = fermentation 2 lactic acid – NADH NAD+ + H+ – NAD+ recycles to glycolysis – no ATP made RBC only use anaerobic respiration skeletal muscle as O2 used up liver lactic acid pyruvic acid pyruvic acid glucose increase lactic acid acidosis (LDH ) Glycolysis and evolution • • common to all living things before Oxygen avail – life ~ 1 bill yrs before Oxygen • cytoplasm – before organelles evolved • • C6H12O6 + 6O2 30ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat aerobic respiration • • Kreb’s cycle – acetyl CoA CO2 + H2O + ATP + NADH electron transport chain – energy transfer from NADH ATP produces : energy (30ATP) metabolic water heat (body temperature) CO2 (waste) introductory step • • • • • • • pyruvic acid enters mitochondria acetyl CoA pyruvic acid Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH Kreb’s cycle citric acid cycle keto acids 8 molecules of cycle acetyl CoA + oxaloacetic acid citric acid note: oxaloacetic citric acid + CO + ATP + NADH C of glucose completely oxidized as CO2 NADH and FADH hold the E now electron transport chain • • • • • • several molecules in mitochondria NADH + H+ - e + NAD+ + e- + H+ H + ADP + O ATP + H2O + oxidative phosphorylation – – uses E from oxidation to phosphorylate ADP ADP + P ATP energy from NADH O2 from air (from glucose) ETC • • • • electrons pass to lower E molecules electrons in O2 have lowest E O2 = final electron acceptor e- and H+ to H2O Chemiosmosis • • • • • E from ETC used to pump H across membrane concentration gradient = potential E movt of H releases E ADP + P + E ATP ATP synthase the main anabolic reaction net results per glucose molecule • • • • glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP oxidative phosphorylation 26+ ATP total 30+ ATP energy sources so far • • • glucose glycogen glucose-6-phosphate lactic acid pyruvic acid other metabolites • • • • • these can complete aerobic respiration ~ 16-18 ATP per unit ??? lipids – – glycerol glyceraldehyde-3-P FA acetyl CoA AA acetyl CoA ,keto acids, pyruvic acid ketones acetyl CoA proteins – Acetyl CoA • • • • • • • acetyl coenzyme A center of metabolic pathways Kreb’s cycle ATP fatty acids lipogenesis cholesterol steroids , bile, cell membrane ketones acetylcholine other metabolic processes • • • • • • lipogenesis glucose lipolysis trigs ß- oxidation fatty acids acetylCoA transamination AA other AA deamination AA urea ketogenesis acetylCoA ketones triglycerides glycerol, fatty acid glucose metabolism • • • • GI liver • used for ATP • stored as glycogen glycogenesis low blood glucose • muscle • liver glycogen glucose for own use glycogen glucose to blood high blood glucose • • glycogen glycogenesis acetylCoA FA lipogenesis low O2 • muscle • liver pyruvate lactic acid lactic acid glucose blood Lipids • triglycerides(Trigs) • cholesterol cell membrane steroid hormones bile • phospholipids cell membrane ; myelin lipolysis Trigs FA + glycerol • • energy storage • > 80% of body’s E stored as fats lipogenesis FA + glycerol Trigs lipogenesis FA + glycerol Trigs lipogenesis • • – – – hi glucose Acetyl CoA FA hi glucose G3P glycerol esp. adipose cells ~ insulin acetyl CoA – – glycerol trigs FA trigs phospholipids – cholesterol steroid hormones bile – ketones lipolysis • • • • Trigs FA + glycerol use in cell respiration – – glycerol pyruvic acid Kreb’s fatty acids acetyl CoA glycerol ß oxidation Kreb’s glyceraldehyde-3-P • glycolysis • glucose – – (~ 13 ATP / unit) most cells use for E gluconeogenesis in liver FA Acetyl CoA Kreb’s cycle most tissues prefered E source of liver, resting muscle Protein metabolism • • • AA absorbed from GI to liver , tissues AA from protein catabolism muscle liver – – – • transamination AA AA AA (non-essential) acetyl CoA , keto acids deamination AA urea gluconeogenesis AA pyruvic acid glucose AA acetylCoA ATP other tissues protein synthesis Protein anabolism • • protein synthesis – AA proteins DNA mRNA tRNA relatively little each day liver plasma proteins transport proteins clotting factors • • • cellular enzymes antibodies AA not stored - converted to fats or used for energy metabolic homeostasis • • • • • keep blood concentrations of energy sources constant we can break metabolic events into 3 groups: absorptive state – – energy from nutrients in diet goal: lower blood glucose (storage) post-absorptive state – – after eating fasting (betw meals) energy from body reserves goal: increase blood glucose and other E sources emergency , stress – – energy from body reserves goal: increase glucose regardless of blood levels absorptive state • • • • • • • anabolism > catabolism glucose is main E source excesses stored as glycogen, trigs insulin is main hormone stim: promotes anabolism increased blood glucose , AA ; P-ANS increases glucose usage: increase glucose into cells increase cell respiration increase glycogenesis increase lipognesis decreases sources of glucose: glycogenolysis lipolysis increases protein synthesis post-absorptive state • • • • • • • • catabolism to increase/maintain blood glucose 80 – 100 mg / 100ml FA main E source beta- oxidation glucagon is main hormone affects liver , adipose glucose sparing only brain uses blood glucose glycogenolysis mostly liver skeletal muscle lipolysis increase glycerol and FA gluconeogenesis glycerol to glucose AA to glucose (not FA) emergency • • • epinephrine ; S-ANS immediate need for glucose cortisol long term stress increase glucose regardless of blood glucose levels other hormones • • • • • • blood glucose for muscles epinephrine; S-ANS – – same effects as glucagon stim: danger, stress blood glucose corticosteroids – – – gluconeogenesis ; protein catabolism no glycogenolysis stim stress, injury, inflammation ACTH P-ANS stim insulin GI hormones stim insulin thyroxine protein synthesis increase cell respiration – for brain stim heat TSH Growth hormone – – stim GHRH ; fasting effects increase glucose lipolysis gluconeogenesis CHO metabolism • • • • aerobic respiration thyroxine glycogenesis insulin glycogenolysis glucagon, epinephrine gluconeogenesis glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, GH energy sources • • • • • • glucose diet, liver glycogen liver, skeletal muscle fatty acids adipose glycerol adipose amino acids lactic acid skeletal muscle, liver skeletal muscle Vitamins – water soluble • • • • • • • • B1 Thiamine cell respiration DNA synthesis B2 Riboflavin cell respiration (FAD) B3 Niacin cell respiration (NAD) B5 Pantothenic acid cell respiration (acetyl CoA) B6 Pyridoxine DNA synthesis protein synthesis B12 Cyanocobalamin DNA synthesis Folic Acid DNA synthesis Vit C (ascorbic acid) collagen synthesis antioxidant Vitamins – fat soluble • • • • Vit A (retinol) vision (rhodopsin) Vit D (calciferol) calcium absorption Vit E (α tocopherol) cell membrane antioxidant Vit K (menaquinone) clot factors minerals • • • • • • • • • • calcium bone, teeth, nerve, muscle, enzymes, hemostasis phosphorus bone, teeth, DNA, RNA, ATP magnesium bone, ATP iron hemoglobin, myoglobin copper hemoglobin, melanin, cell respiration iodine thyroxine cobalt Vit B12 zinc carbonic anhydrase, wound healing chlorine HCl sulfur AA, protein structure Energy • • • • • • • Calorie nutritional kcal heat to raise kg H2O by 10 C. 1 gm CHO - 4 kcal 1 gm protein - 4 kcal 1 gm fats - 9 kcal energy intake ~ energy output if not : gain / lose weight regulation of food intake • • • • • neural – hypothalamus hunger center peptides that influence behavior – vagus n. sensory presence of foods nutrient levels stim/inhibit hunger centers hormones insulin, CCK depress hunger body temperature increase temp decreases hunger psychological behavior can override hunger center hormonal regulation of food intake • • • hypothalamus neuropeptide Y decrease appetite inhibit neuropeptide Y – – – increase hunger CCK short term PYY 12 hours sm intest Leptin long term adipose • maintains (defends) amt of fat storage • obesity us not a leptin problem stimulate hunger Ghrelin (Ghr) stomach metabolic rate • • • • • • • • • • metabolism = metabolic rate = sum of all chemical reactions amt. reactions / day = work / day kcal / day = HEAT metabolism synthesis of molecules breakdown of molecules all produce heat BMR= basal metabolic rate ~ 1.0 kcal / hour / kg weight 2.2 lb / kg 120 lb ÷ 2.2 = 54.5 kg x 24 hr = 1309 kcal / day 170 lb ÷ 2.2 = 77.3 kg x 24 hr = 1855 kcal / day TMR = – – – total metabolic rate sedentary BMR + 40% moderate activity BMR + 70% strenuous activity BMR + 90% affects on metabolic rate – – – – – – – – – – exercise digestion stress temperature (cold) T4 thin body stocky body sleep age – children age – senior body temperature • • • • • • 96.5o - 99.5o F. = 36o - 38o C. homeostasis ideal temp for enzyme activity 10 C. - increases metabolic rate 10% core vs. shell temperatures blood moves heat from the core organs heat control • hypothalamus – – – thermostat central thermoreceptors blood temp peripheral temperature receptors skin temp • behavior • most heat from liver, brain, heart, muscles heat production • • • • • thyroxine increased metabolic rate “ epinephrine shivering muscles’ cell respiration peripheral vasoconstriction prevents heat loss behavior clothing hot fluids change room temperature heat loss • • • • • • skin , respiratory , urine , feces sweating peripheral vasodilation respiratory rate behavior note: heat loss depends on temperature of environment ! sweat and vapor loss depends on humidity ! Fever • • pyrogens – – substances that produce fever endogenous WBC bacterial toxins raise thermostat in hypothalamus • body temp < thermostat • Hypothalamus stim heat production : shivering vasoconstrict sweat T4 • • • • effects : • increase WBC activity • kill bacteria pathogen pyrogen thermostat body temp > thermostat heat loss : vasodilate + sweating “crisis”
