Download Important Experiments

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
Important Experiments
1. 1. _______________, 1928 London, Bacteriologist
a. Experimented with bacteria and mice
b. 2. _______________– disease causing (antonym: 3. _______________)
Example: Pneumococcus – bacteria that causes pneumonia
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/bio201/griffith.html
c.
2.
5.
3.
9.
4.
_______________– process in which bacteria takes in foreign DNA
_______________, 1944 NY, Biologist
a. Identified the agent of transformation as 6. _______________not protein.
b. Took the DNA from smooth bacteria and injected it into the rough bacteria. This
transformed the nonvirulent 7. _____________ bacteria into virulent 8. _____________
bacteria.
_______________& 10. _______________, 1952 NY
a. Confirmed that DNA is the genetic material.
b. 11. _______________- virus that infects bacteria
i.Injects it’s DNA into the bacteria cell
ii.Uses the equipment in the bacteria cell to replicate itself 100s of times.
iii.Bacteria cell becomes full and bursts open allowing new bacteriophages to infect
other bacteria cells.
c. The Experiment
i.Labeled the bacteriophage’s DNA with radioactive 12. _______________
ii.Labeled the bacteriophage’s protein with radioactive 13. _______________
iii.Found bacteriophage’s DNA inside the bacteria not the protein.
Page 1 of 9
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/expt.gif
Chase & Hershey
http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/hersheychase1953.jpg
4. Rosalind 14. _______________, chemist
a. Used x-ray diffraction to show that DNA molecules are shaped like a helix (visualize
a tightly coiled spring).
http://genome.jgi-psf.org/images/dna.jpg
http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1465287/2/istockphoto_1465287_metal_spring.jpg
Page 2 of 9
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
5.
_______________& 16. _______________, Nobel Prize 1962
a. Built a model showing that DNA’s structure is a 17. _______________
_______________ (visualize a spiral stair case).
b. Two complementary strands of 18. _______________whose bases face each other.
c. Held together by weak 19. _______________ _______________between the bases.
15.
http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/Resources/wc1993.gif
http://www.theironshop.com/images/vic/vic_stair01.jpg
6.
_______________, 1869, German Physician
a. First to 21. _______________DNA.
b. He called it 22. _______________because it is only found in the nucleus of the cell.
20.
http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvo/38dinge/pics/09-02.jpg
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/LAD/C4/graphics/C4_Discovery_1.GIF
Structure of DNA:
Nucleotides:
DNA subunit 23. _____________of 3 parts
1. deoxyribose (sugar)
2. Phosphate group
3. 4 types of bases
a. Purines (larger):
24. _______________ (A),
25. _______________ (G)
b. Pyridimines (smaller):
26. _______________ (T),
27. _______________ (C)
28.
_______________Rule
A=T
G=C
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http://cnx.org/content/m12382/latest/dna.gif
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
How DNA is copied:
29. _______________– the process of copying DNA
a. This happens during interphase (30. _______________) of the cell cycle.
b. The sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other
strand.
A → ____
T → ____
T → ____
G → ____
C → ____
A → ____
T → ____
Steps
1. 31. _______________– an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds and unwinds
the molecule
2. 32. __________________– an enzyme that places the correct complementary
nucleotides to the exposed strands
http://www.detectingdesign.com/images/Antibiotics_Viruses/antibi9.jpg
c. Replication happens at multiple locations 33. _______________.
d. Mutations may happen during the process
i. 34. _______________or 35. _______________of a nucleotide
ii. 36. _______________of a nucleotide
iii. 37. _______________– environmental agents such as UV light and chemicals
that alter the DNA
Page 4 of 9
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
Summary of how proteins are made:
38. _______________ _______________
a. This is when the genetic information in DNA is used to make proteins.
b. There are 2 stages.
1. 39. _______________– make an RNA copy of a gene located on the DNA
molecule
2. 40. _______________– 3 types of RNA molecules work together to assemble
amino acids into protein molecules.
DNA → Transcription → RNA → Translation → Protein
c. Through gene expression, the information encoded in the DNA directs all cell activities.
EXAMPLE: You eat carbohydrates. This causes your genes to make the protein insulin.
Insulin helps to maintain a proper blood sugar level. Do you remember the word
homeostasis?
Transcription. How the DNA makes RNA:
a. The DNA must stay in the 41. _______________in order to stay protected. This is why
transcription must take place.
b. RNA copies of the DNA are sent out of the nucleus to assemble proteins.
c. The numbers of the following steps match the numbers in the diagram:
1. The DNA double Helix unwinds.
2. The enzyme RNA polymerase moves along the DNA pairing 42. _______________
nucleotides to form a single strand of RNA. The base 43. _______________ (U) is
substituted for thymine (T). This strand is called messenger RNA (44. _____________).
3. The mRNA then moves out of the nucleus through the 45. ___________ ___________to
enter the process of translation. This will take place in the 46. _______________.
4. Ribosome, mRNA, and tRNA will work together to make the protein.
This is called
47. _______________.
http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/rep
ort/volume2/images/chapteg2.gif
Page 5 of 9
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
The Genetic Code
48. _______________– nucleotide triplet in the mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid
a. The order of the nucleotides determines the order of the amino acids, which determines
the protein’s 49. _______________and 50. _______________.
b. There are 51. __________possible codons and 52. __________amino acids. This means
that there will be multiple codons for each amino acid.
1 base code = 41 = 4 possible combinations
→ Not enough
2
2 base code = 4
= 16 possible combinations → Not enough
3 base code = 43 = 64 possible combinations → Plenty!!!!
c. 53. ___________ _______________indicate the end of an amino acid sequence.
d. The genetic code is 54. _______________for nearly all organisms.
e. The genetic code evolved 55. _______________years ago.
http://www.viewingspace.com/genetics_culture/images_genetics_culture/gc_assign/genetic_code.htm
Page 6 of 9
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
Translation. How RNA makes proteins:
Translation occurs on the 56. _______________. Ribosomes are complex organelles that are made
up of ribosomal RNA (57. _______________).
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122628/media/images/ProteinSynthesis.jpg
http://www.affymetrix.com/en/images/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/dna_review_6.jpg
http://www.affymetrix.com/en/images/corporate/media/genechip_essentials/dna_review/dna_review_8.jpg
Page 7 of 9
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
Visual summary of our theme!!!!!
http://ds9a.nl/amazing-dna/intron.gif
Page 8 of 9
Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________
Chapter 8 Notes
THEME:
How the genes on DNA control protein production needed for a cell’s growth and function.
Page 9 of 9