Download bi 112 vital vocab #1

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BI 112 Extra Credit VOCAB #1
Extra credit assignment
Instructions: read each line, if no instructions are provided for the line, then define each term or provide
an example for each term. If instructions are provide, define each term and also follow the instructions
for an additional procedure. All work must be typed and emailed to me by the due date (or turned in). It
must be emailed to my pcc.edu account (it is on the syllabus), you must include “Bi 112 extra credit” on
the subject line of the email, and it must be in one of these formats, a MS Word, a pdf, or an HTML
document. All other formats will not be accepted. For 20 points.
Exploring Life
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
1. Order
a. Complex and organized
b. Cells
c. prokaryote
d. eukaryote
2. Regulation (Homeostasis)
3. Growth and Development
4. Metabolism
5. Response to environment
a. 5 human senses
b. some other senses
6. Reproduction
7. Evolution
a. Darwin’s theory of natural selection
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
CLASSIFICATION
1. Life
2. Domain – know the three domains:
a. Bacteria (Eubacteria)
b. Archeabacteria (Archaea)
c. Eukaryotes
3. Kingdom – know the six kingdoms:
a. Bacteria (Eubacteria)
b. Archeabacteria (Archaea)
c. Animals
d. Plans
e. Protista
f. Fungi
4. Phylum
5. Class
6. Order
7. Family
8. Genus
9. Species
HEIRARCHY
10.
Biosphere
11.
Ecosystem/Biome
a. Producer
b. Consumer
c. Decomposer
12.
Community
13.
Population
14.
Organism
15.
Organ System
16.
Organ
17.
Tissue
18.
Cell
19.
Organelle
20.
Molecule
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Discovery Science
2. Hypothesis-based science
3. Observation
4. Question
5. Hypothesis
6. Prediction
7. Test/experiment
a. Experimental vs Control group
b. Independent vs Dependent Variable
c. Constants (Standardized variables)
d. Replication of the test
8. Scientific Theory (Theory of Evolution) vs. a theory in common usage
The Chemical Basis of Life
MATTER
1. Element
2. Compound
3. Atom
a. Nucleus
b. Proton
c. Neutron
d. Electron
i. Orbitals
ii. Shells
iii. full shells
4. Atomic number
5. Atomic mass (weight)
6. Know the four most important elements for life (O, C, H, N):
7. Isotope
a. Two uses of isotopes: radioactive dating, tracer in medical tests
b. Hazards of radioactive isotopes
BONDS
8. Covalent Bond(single and double)
a. nonpolar
b. polar
9. Ionic Bond
a. Salts
b. positive and negative ions
10.
Hydrogen Bond
11.
Polarity – what makes a molecule polar or non-polar?
12.
Electronegative (like oxygen)
13.
Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
PROPERTIES OF WATER
14.
High specific heat/buffering capacity
15.
Cohesion
16.
Adhesion
17.
Surface tension
18.
Ice floats
19.
Universal solvent (dissolves many materials easily)
a. Solvent
b. Solute
c. Solution
pH
21.
22.
23.
24.
acid
base
neutral pH
buffer
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
25.
Nothing is created or destroyed (the equation is balanced)
26.
Reactant
27.
products
The Molecules of Cells
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Functional Groups
a. Hydroxyl Group
b. Carbonyl
c. Carboxyl
d. Amino
e. Phosphate
3. Macromolecule
a. Monomer
b. Dimer/oligliomere
c. Polymer
d. Dehydration synthesis reaction
e. Hydrolysis reaction
CARBOHYDRATES
4. Monomer = monosaccharides or simple sugar
5. Structure
a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
b. (C1H2O1)n
6. Functions
a. Quick source of energy – glucose, starch
7. Polarity (polar)
LIPIDS (FATS and related molecules)
8. Monomer = glycerol + fatty acids
9. Triglycerides
a. Structure
i. Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
ii. Saturated vs unsaturated
b. Function – stores energy long-term
c. Polarity (non-polar)
10.
Phospholipids
a. Structure
i. Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
b. Function – makes up cell membrane
c. Polarity (phosphate = polar, fatty acids = non-polar)
11.
Waxes
12.
Steroids
PROTEINS (POLYPEPTIDES)
13.
Monomer = amino acid
14.
Structure
a. STRUCTURE = FUNCTION
b. Central carbon, amino group, carbonyl group
c. Variable R group gives amino acids its properties
d. Primary structure
e. Secondary structure
f. Tertiary structure
i. Hydrogen bonds
ii. Ionic bonds
iii. Hydrophobic / hydrophilic interactions
g.
h.
15.
16.
a.
b.
iv. Disulfide bonds (covalent)
Quaternary structure
Denaturation
Protein Functions:
ENZYMES
STRUCTURES
i. Structural proteins
ii. Contractile proteins
iii. Immune system
iv. Transport
v. Signaling
vi. Gene regulation
Polarity of amino acids (determined by variable R group)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
1. Monomer = nucleotides
2. Structure
a. Sugar,
b. phosphate,
c. nitrogenous base
i. Adenine
ii. Thymine (Uracil in RNA)
iii. Cytosine
iv. Guanine
d. Sugar – phosphate backbone (covalently bonded)
e. Hydrogen bonds between bases
i. A always bonds with T
ii. C always bonds with G
3. Functions of nucleotides:
a. Energy “currency” for the cell – ATP
b. Stores genetic information – DNA / RNA
4. Polarity (polar)
A Tour of the Cell
CELL
1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote (definitions and similarities, differences)
Animal vs plant (similarities, differences)
Components of The Cell Theory
PARTS OF THE CELL – define each of these parts, whether it is made of
membrane, and what types of organisms it is found in (prokaryote vs animal vs
plant), and be able to identify it on a picture of a cell.
1. Cell membrane
2. Cell wall
3. Cytoplasm
4. Nucleus, nuclear envelope, DNA
5. Ribosome (free and attached)
6. Endomembrane system
7. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
8. Golgi apparatus
9. Vesicle (transport vesicle and vacuole)
10.
Lysosome
11.
Central Vacuole
12.
Mitochondria
13.
Chloroplast
14.
Theory of Endosymbiosis
CHAPTER 5 – The Working Cell
ENERGY
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
a.
b.
25.
26.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
27.
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Chemical Energy
Light Energy
Laws of Thermodynamics
First law
Second law
Metabolism
Reactions
Endergonic (define and give an example)
Exergonic (define and give an example)
Substrate/Reactant
Product
Coupled Reactions (endergonic + exergonic)
ATP/ADP
ENZYMES
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
a.
b.
c.
Catalyst
Substrate
Activation Energy
Active site
Denature the enzyme
How these things affect enzyme reaction rates:
pH
Temperature
Salt
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
34.
Phospholipid
a. how does the structure of phospholipids cause cell membranes to form
the way they do?
b. hydrophilic heads
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
c. hydrophobic tails
Fluid Mosaic Model
a. Can molecules float in the fluid membrane?
Membrane proteins
a. Adhesion Proteins
b. Communication Proteins
c. Recognition Proteins
d. Receptor Proteins
e. Passive Transport Proteins
f. Active Transport Proteins
Selectively permeability
a. what is the membrane permeable to?
Passive Transport
a. diffusion
b. Passive Transport Proteins
c. osmosis
i. hypotonic solution
1. turgid plant cell
ii. hypertonic solution
1. plasmolysis
iii. isotonic solution
Active Transport
a. anything against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
Endocytosis
Exocytosis