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Full Name: BI 112 Extra Credit VOCAB #1 Extra credit assignment Instructions: read each line, if no instructions are provided for the line, then define each term or provide an example for each term. If instructions are provide, define each term and also follow the instructions for an additional procedure. All work must be typed and emailed to me by the due date (or turned in). It must be emailed to my pcc.edu account (it is on the syllabus), you must include “Bi 112 extra credit” on the subject line of the email, and it must be in one of these formats, a MS Word, a pdf, or an HTML document. All other formats will not be accepted. For 20 points. Exploring Life CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 1. Order a. Complex and organized b. Cells c. prokaryote d. eukaryote 2. Regulation (Homeostasis) 3. Growth and Development 4. Metabolism 5. Response to environment a. 5 human senses b. some other senses 6. Reproduction 7. Evolution a. Darwin’s theory of natural selection BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION CLASSIFICATION 1. Life 2. Domain – know the three domains: a. Bacteria (Eubacteria) b. Archeabacteria (Archaea) c. Eukaryotes 3. Kingdom – know the six kingdoms: a. Bacteria (Eubacteria) b. Archeabacteria (Archaea) c. Animals d. Plans e. Protista f. Fungi 4. Phylum 5. Class 6. Order 7. Family 8. Genus 9. Species HEIRARCHY 10. Biosphere 11. Ecosystem/Biome a. Producer b. Consumer c. Decomposer 12. Community 13. Population 14. Organism 15. Organ System 16. Organ 17. Tissue 18. Cell 19. Organelle 20. Molecule SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Discovery Science 2. Hypothesis-based science 3. Observation 4. Question 5. Hypothesis 6. Prediction 7. Test/experiment a. Experimental vs Control group b. Independent vs Dependent Variable c. Constants (Standardized variables) d. Replication of the test 8. Scientific Theory (Theory of Evolution) vs. a theory in common usage The Chemical Basis of Life MATTER 1. Element 2. Compound 3. Atom a. Nucleus b. Proton c. Neutron d. Electron i. Orbitals ii. Shells iii. full shells 4. Atomic number 5. Atomic mass (weight) 6. Know the four most important elements for life (O, C, H, N): 7. Isotope a. Two uses of isotopes: radioactive dating, tracer in medical tests b. Hazards of radioactive isotopes BONDS 8. Covalent Bond(single and double) a. nonpolar b. polar 9. Ionic Bond a. Salts b. positive and negative ions 10. Hydrogen Bond 11. Polarity – what makes a molecule polar or non-polar? 12. Electronegative (like oxygen) 13. Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic PROPERTIES OF WATER 14. High specific heat/buffering capacity 15. Cohesion 16. Adhesion 17. Surface tension 18. Ice floats 19. Universal solvent (dissolves many materials easily) a. Solvent b. Solute c. Solution pH 21. 22. 23. 24. acid base neutral pH buffer CHEMICAL REACTIONS 25. Nothing is created or destroyed (the equation is balanced) 26. Reactant 27. products The Molecules of Cells ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1. Hydrocarbons 2. Functional Groups a. Hydroxyl Group b. Carbonyl c. Carboxyl d. Amino e. Phosphate 3. Macromolecule a. Monomer b. Dimer/oligliomere c. Polymer d. Dehydration synthesis reaction e. Hydrolysis reaction CARBOHYDRATES 4. Monomer = monosaccharides or simple sugar 5. Structure a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen b. (C1H2O1)n 6. Functions a. Quick source of energy – glucose, starch 7. Polarity (polar) LIPIDS (FATS and related molecules) 8. Monomer = glycerol + fatty acids 9. Triglycerides a. Structure i. Glycerol + 3 fatty acids ii. Saturated vs unsaturated b. Function – stores energy long-term c. Polarity (non-polar) 10. Phospholipids a. Structure i. Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group b. Function – makes up cell membrane c. Polarity (phosphate = polar, fatty acids = non-polar) 11. Waxes 12. Steroids PROTEINS (POLYPEPTIDES) 13. Monomer = amino acid 14. Structure a. STRUCTURE = FUNCTION b. Central carbon, amino group, carbonyl group c. Variable R group gives amino acids its properties d. Primary structure e. Secondary structure f. Tertiary structure i. Hydrogen bonds ii. Ionic bonds iii. Hydrophobic / hydrophilic interactions g. h. 15. 16. a. b. iv. Disulfide bonds (covalent) Quaternary structure Denaturation Protein Functions: ENZYMES STRUCTURES i. Structural proteins ii. Contractile proteins iii. Immune system iv. Transport v. Signaling vi. Gene regulation Polarity of amino acids (determined by variable R group) NUCLEIC ACIDS 1. Monomer = nucleotides 2. Structure a. Sugar, b. phosphate, c. nitrogenous base i. Adenine ii. Thymine (Uracil in RNA) iii. Cytosine iv. Guanine d. Sugar – phosphate backbone (covalently bonded) e. Hydrogen bonds between bases i. A always bonds with T ii. C always bonds with G 3. Functions of nucleotides: a. Energy “currency” for the cell – ATP b. Stores genetic information – DNA / RNA 4. Polarity (polar) A Tour of the Cell CELL 1. 2. 3. INTRODUCTION Prokaryote vs Eukaryote (definitions and similarities, differences) Animal vs plant (similarities, differences) Components of The Cell Theory PARTS OF THE CELL – define each of these parts, whether it is made of membrane, and what types of organisms it is found in (prokaryote vs animal vs plant), and be able to identify it on a picture of a cell. 1. Cell membrane 2. Cell wall 3. Cytoplasm 4. Nucleus, nuclear envelope, DNA 5. Ribosome (free and attached) 6. Endomembrane system 7. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) 8. Golgi apparatus 9. Vesicle (transport vesicle and vacuole) 10. Lysosome 11. Central Vacuole 12. Mitochondria 13. Chloroplast 14. Theory of Endosymbiosis CHAPTER 5 – The Working Cell ENERGY 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. a. b. 25. 26. a. b. c. d. e. 27. Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Chemical Energy Light Energy Laws of Thermodynamics First law Second law Metabolism Reactions Endergonic (define and give an example) Exergonic (define and give an example) Substrate/Reactant Product Coupled Reactions (endergonic + exergonic) ATP/ADP ENZYMES 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. a. b. c. Catalyst Substrate Activation Energy Active site Denature the enzyme How these things affect enzyme reaction rates: pH Temperature Salt MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 34. Phospholipid a. how does the structure of phospholipids cause cell membranes to form the way they do? b. hydrophilic heads 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. c. hydrophobic tails Fluid Mosaic Model a. Can molecules float in the fluid membrane? Membrane proteins a. Adhesion Proteins b. Communication Proteins c. Recognition Proteins d. Receptor Proteins e. Passive Transport Proteins f. Active Transport Proteins Selectively permeability a. what is the membrane permeable to? Passive Transport a. diffusion b. Passive Transport Proteins c. osmosis i. hypotonic solution 1. turgid plant cell ii. hypertonic solution 1. plasmolysis iii. isotonic solution Active Transport a. anything against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration) Endocytosis Exocytosis