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Steps in Protein Synthesis Step 1: Transcription Location: nucleus Purpose: to copy the DNA code (order of bases) into mRNA. Events: 1.) DNA is unwound and DNA Helicase unzips DNA strand. 2.) RNA Polymerase reads the complementary base and adds free RNA nucleotides to fill in the empty spaces along the side of DNA. 3.) mRNA is made, leaves the nucleus to go to ribosome. Step 2: Translation Location: in the cytoplasm, on the ribosome Purpose: to convert the instructions of RNA (order of bases) into amino acids, this will make up the protein. Events of translation: 1.) The first three bases of mRNA (codon) join the ribosome. AUG – is the start codon 2.) tRNA brings the amino acid down to the ribosome. The three bases on tRNA, or the anticodon, match the complementary bases on mRNA. 3.) Each tRNA has an amino acid attached to it which is determined by its anticodon. Ex: codon (AUG) Amino Acid - methionine 4.) The amino acids are joined by polypeptide bonds. 5.) The resulting chain of amino acids are called a PROTEIN. Codons & Anticodons Definition: three nucleotides of mRNA. Start codon: AUG; starts protein synthesis Stop Codons: UAA, UAG, UGA; stops protein synthesis Amino Acids Definition: they are the building blocks of proteins There are 20 essential amino acids Protein = AA chain OR = polypeptide chain The order of AAs determine the function of the protein!!! 1. DNA 2. mRNA 3. nucleus 5. rRNA (ribosome) 6. Codon 7. anticodon 9. Amino acid 10. protein 4. cytoplasm 8. tRNA