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1st
Semester Final Exam Study Guide
Honors Biology
DIAGRAMS/CHARTS ON THE FINAL EXAM:
* Cell & All Organelles
* Cell Membrane
* Mitosis & Meiosis (All Phases)
* Pedigree (Be able to interpret/analyze)
* Karyotype (Be able to interpret/analyze)
* Punnett Squares (Be able to solve different types)
* Mutations (Chromosome and Gene)
* DNA (Label different parts to DNA)
* Translation (RNA Making a Protein)
* How to Use the Codon Chart
Introduction to Science
What are the rules for data tables & graphs – can you identify incorrect things about each if given an example?
What is a hypothesis (as defined in class)?
How is a hypothesis different from an inference?
What is a scientific theory?
What are independent variables, dependent variables, control groups and experimental groups? Can you identify
these in an experiment?
6. What are the eight characteristics of life?
7. What does homeostasis mean?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Biochemistry
8. What are the six elements essential to all of life?
9. What are the subatomic particles? Which ones are found in the nucleus of the atom?
10. How many electrons are found in each energy level (for the first 20 elements)?
11. Describe each type of bond: ionic, covalent and hydrogen.
12. Know the properties of water, including polarity, cohesion and adhesion.
13. What is the difference between a substance that is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
14. What is an acid?
15. What is a base?
16. Know the pH scale and where to identify strong acids/bases, weak acids/bases and neutral liquids.
17. What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
18. For carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, know the monomer for each
19. What proteins are considered “biological catalysts” because they speed up chemical reactions?
Microscopes & Cells
For a microscope…
20. What is magnification?
21. What is resolution?
22. What is the formula used to determine the total magnification on the microscope?
23. What is a cell?
24. How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?
25. What are the two types of eukaryotes?
26. What does selective permeability mean? What structure does it describe?
27. What molecule makes up the cell membrane?
28. How are vacuoles different in animal and plant cells?
29. What two cell structures are found only in plant cells?
30. What internal cell structure is found in animal cells only?
31. How are cilia and flagella different?
Honors Biology
32. For each of the following structures, identify its function:
a. cell wall
b. centrioles
c.
chloroplast
d. cytosol
e. Golgi Apparatus
f.
lysosome
g. mitochondria
h. nuclear membrane
i.
nucleus
j.
nucleolus
k.
ribosomes
l.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
m. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
n. vacuole
33. What is the difference between passive and active transport?
34. What is equilibrium?
35. What is diffusion?
36. What is osmosis?
37. For each solution, indicate the direction water will move: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
38. What is the difference between high and low turgor pressure for a plant cell?
39. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
40. For the sodium-potassium pump, what/how many molecules enter the cell & what/how many molecules leave the cell?
ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
41. What does ATP stand for?
42. What are the 3 parts of ATP and how is the energy released?
43. Define photosynthesis – in what organelle will this take place in? (Be able to identify the chemical equation!)
44. What pigment captures sunlight in the chloroplast?
45. Why are plants green?
46. Define cellular respiration – in what organelle will this mainly take place in? (Be able to identify the chemical equation!)
47. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes?
48. How many ATP are made in aerobic respiration? In anaerobic respiration?
49. What type of fermentation occurs in human muscle cells?
50. What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
Cell Reproduction
51. What is the cell cycle?
52. What are the two major phases of the cell cycle? What happens in each of these phases?
53. What is cytokinesis?
54. What is apoptosis? Why would a cell perform apoptosis?
55. What is a chromosome?
56. What is a histone?
57. Why do your cells make chromosomes from chromatin?
58. What is a chromatid?
59. What is a centromere?
60. What is a kinetochore?
61. What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell – how many chromosomes are found in each type of cell for
humans?
62. Why is mitosis important/why do we make new cells?
63. What is a gamete? What are the gametes in humans?
64. What terms are used to describe chromosomes that pair up during meiosis?
65. What is crossing over? When does this happen in meiosis?
66. In meiosis, there are two times when genetic variation will occur – in what two phases will this occur in?
67. What is meiosis in males called? What is made at the end of this process?
Honors Biology
68. What is meiosis in females called? What is made at the end of this process?
69. What is fertilization?
70. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
71. What is a zygote?
72. What differences are there between animal and plant cells in mitosis?
EVENTS DURING THE PHASES OF MITOSIS & MEIOSIS:
MITOSIS
Prophase =
Metaphase =
Anaphase =
Telophase =
MEIOSIS
Prophase I =
Metaphase I =
Anaphase I =
Telophase I =
Genetics
73. Define each of the following terms:
a. Genetics =
b. Heredity =
c.
Trait =
d. Gene =
e. Allele =
f.
Genotype =
g. Homozygous =
h. Heterozygous =
i.
Phenotype =
74. Who is the “Father of Genetics?”
75. What does the Law of Segregation say?
76. What does the Law of Independent Assortment say?
77. What is polygenic inheritance? What are some examples of polygenic traits?
78. What is a multiple allelic trait? What is an example?
79. What is codominance? What is an example?
80. What is incomplete dominance? What is an example?
81. What are the two types of chromosomes? How many do normal humans have of each type?
82. Who determines the sex or gender of a child?
83. Who is more likely to inherit a sex-linked condition? Why?
84. What is aneuploidy?
85. What is the difference between monosomy and trisomy?
86. Identify all of the following mutations:
a. Nondisjunction =
b. Deletion =
c.
Duplication/Insertion =
d. Inversion =
e. Translocation =
Honors Biology
87. What is a pedigree? How do you represent females and males?
88. What is a carrier? Who is never a carrier for sex-linked conditions?
89. What is a karyotype?
90. What is genetic engineering?
91. What is recombinant DNA?
92. What is a transgenic organism?
93. What are some uses for genetic engineering?
94. What is the Human Genome Project? Why is this project a significant scientific event?
95. For each genetic condition listed, give a brief description and its genetic cause:
a. Cystic Fibrosis =
b. Down Syndrome =
c.
Hemophilia =
d. Huntington’s Disease =
e. Klinefelter syndrome =
f.
Sickle Cell Disease =
g. Turner syndrome =
DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis
96. What do DNA & RNA stand for?
97. What is the importance of DNA?
98. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
99. What are the two categories of nitrogen bases? What bases belong in each category? What is the difference between
these two groups?
100.
What were Chargaff’s experimental findings?
101.
What was Rosalind Franklin’s contribution to the discovery of DNA’s structure?
102.
Who are the scientists that are given credit for discovering the structure of DNA?
103.
What is the shape of DNA?
104.
What type of bond is found between sugars and phosphates?
105.
What type of bond is found between nitrogen bases?
106.
How do the nitrogen bases pair in a DNA molecule?
107.
Where does DNA replication take place in the cell?
108.
Why is DNA replication called a “semi-conservative” process?
109.
What does the term “antiparallel” mean for DNA?
110.
What does the enzyme helicase do?
111.
What does the enzyme DNA polymerase do?
112.
What does the enzyme DNA ligase do?
113.
How is replication different between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
114.
What do you call the pieces of DNA that attach to the lagging strand during replication?
115.
What are the differences between RNA & DNA?
116.
What is the function for each type of RNA:
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) =
b. Transfer RNA (tRNA) =
c. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) =
117.
What is transcription? Where does this take place?
118.
What is a codon?
119.
What is translation? Where does this take place?
120.
What are the general steps to translation?
121.
What do proteins consist of? What types of bonds link these components together to make a protein?
122.
What is a mutation?
123.
Why do mutations occur?
124.
Describe the following DNA mutations:
a. Point mutation =
b. Frameshift mutation =
Honors Biology
DNA Problem Solving (On the Final Exam!!):
125.
A given piece of DNA contains 20% adenine. How much thymine should be present?
126.
A given piece of DNA contains 10% cytosine. How much adenine should be present?
127. Label the following piece of DNA. Use “D” for the sugar, “P” for phosphates, and the letters
“A,C,G,T” for the bases. CIRCLE A NUCLEOTIDE.
Honors Biology
128.
From the given strand of DNA, write the protein that would result. In order to get full credit on the test, be sure to
include the mRNA strand, tRNA strand, group the codons, and circle and link the amino acids together.
DNA
T
A
C
G
T
C
G
G
A
T
C
C
G
A
G
A
A
A
T
A
C
A
T
C
A
T
T
G
G
T
mRNA
tRNA
Amino Acid