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Study Guide for 2nd Semester Final Biology: DeBroux
Cell Energy (Chapter 4)
Be able to define photosynthesis and know the reactants and products for this process.
Be able to describe an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate), including which part of
this molecule contains a high energy bond.
Be able to explain the ATP/ADP cycle that is continually occurring in cells. Include in
your explanation: which reaction is endergonic (requires energy) and which reaction is
exergonic (releases energy), what processes provide energy for the endergonic reaction,
and what are some possible uses for the energy that is released by the exergonic
reaction.
Be able to compare and contrast anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration.
Be able to name the two main types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation and lactic
acid fermentation. Know that our muscles perform lactic acid fermentation under low
oxygen conditions ( such as during intense exercise)
Be able to define cellular respiration and know the reactants and products. Be able to
explain what the goal of this process is. Be able to compare and contrast this process
with combustion.
Cell Division (Chapter 5 and 6.2)
Be able to explain the difference between DNA, chromosome, gene and allele.
Be able to define mitosis and explain the purpose of mitosis.
Be able to define sister chromatid and understand that sister chromatids are identical
copies that are the result of DNA replication during interphase.
Be able to explain each of the phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase/cytokinesis.
Be able to define meiosis and explain the purpose of meiosis.
Be able to define the following: sexual reproduction, gamete, sperm, egg, zygote,
haploid, diploid, and homologous chromosomes. Be able to identify what types of cells
are haploid and what types of cells are diploid.
Be able to calculate the number of chromosomes in body cells if given the number of
chromosomes in a sperm or egg cell (or vice versa). Know that where n represents the
haploid number of chromosomes, the diploid number is 2n.
Be able to compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis.
Be able to explain the importance of genetic variation in a population.
Genetics (Chapters 6 and 7)
Be able to define the following: dominant allele, recessive allele, incomplete
dominance/ codominance, genotype, phenotype, carrier, heterozygous, homozygous.
Be able to explain how meiosis relates to genetics. What type of cells are produced?
Be able to explain Mendel’s experiments. For example, when he crossed true-breeding
tall plant seeds with true-breeding short plant seeds, why was the F1 generation all tall
plants? Why did the F2 generation consist of 75% tall plants and 25% short plants?
Be able to construct Punnett squares for both autosomal and X-linked traits, and use the
results to determine possible offspring and their probabilities. Should able to construct
both monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
Be able to explain why X-linked traits are more common in males.
DNA Replication and Gene Expression: Transcription and Translation (Chapter 8)
Understand the structure of a DNA molecule, including knowing the 3 parts of the
nucleotide subunits of DNA, and how the nucleotides are arranged in a DNA molecule.
Be able to compare and contrast DNA and RNA (include 3 differences).
Be able to explain the complementary base pairs in a DNA molecule, and how the
complementary pairs relate to the ability of DNA to be accurately replicated.
Be able to explain the process of DNA replication including when/where it occurs, and
what enzymes are involved.
Be able to explain the process of transcription, including what enzyme is involved.
Compare and contrast transcription with DNA replication.
Be able to define the following terms: codon, anticodon, genetic code, mutation
Be able to compare and contrast mRNA and tRNA
Be able to explain translation, including where it occurs, what is produced, what
molecules are involved and the overall process.
Biotechnology (Chapter 9)
Be able to define recombinant DNA. Be able to explain how restriction enzymes are
used to produce recombinant plasmids
Be able to explain how electrophoresis separates molecules, and know what kind of
molecules will travel further through the gel.
Bacteria and Viruses (Chapter 18)
Know the basic structure of a virus. Be able to explain how viruses are reproduced. Be
able to explain why most viruses have a specific type of host cell.
Know that bacteria are composed of prokaryotic cells. Be able to define prokaryotic cell.