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Last revised 6/27/2017 DNA and Technology Quiz Name _______________________________ Block _______________________________ Complete the definitions. 1. Uracil DNA has nucleotides with adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. What replaces thymine in RNA? 2. Heat-killing A process of heating bacteria so that it is still alive but it cannot reproduce. 3. Genome Refers to all of an organism’s DNA. 4. Bacteriophage A viruses that infect bacteria. 5. Southern Blot Confirms a cloned gene. 6. Base-pairing rules The rules stating that in DNA adenine on one strand always pairs with a thymine on the opposite strand and guanine on one strand always pairs with a cytosine on the opposite strand. 7. Complementary Characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other. 8. DNA replication The process of making a copy of DNA. 9. genetic engineering The process of manipulating genes for practical purposes. 10. Vaccine A substance that is prepared from killing or weakening microorganisms and is reintroduced into the body to protect it from further attacks. 11. Recombinant DNA DNA made from two or more different organisms. 12. Restriction enzyme A bacterial enzyme that recognize and bind to specific short segments of DNA, and then cuts the DNA between specific nucleotides within the segment. 13. Vector An agent that is used to carry the gene of interest into another cell such as a virus, yeast or plasmids. 14. Translation The stage of gene expression in which the information in mRNA in used to make a protein. Version D Last revised 6/27/2017 15. Cloning A process that results in the production of genetically identical cell and or organism. 16. Nucleotide Subunits of nucleic acids consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. 17. Genetically Engineered Vaccine A process in which a genes that encodes a pathogen’s (disease causing bacteria or virus) surface proteins are inserted into the DNA of a harmless bacteria or virus. The modified harmless bacteria or virus is then injected into a human to protect them from the pathogen. 18. Gene Therapy A technique that involves putting a healthy copy of a gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective. 19. DNA Fingerprinting A pattern of dark bands that results when an individual’s DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis. 20. Human Genome Project The process of determining the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and to map the location of every gene on each chromosome by the year 2003. 21. Transformation A change in phenotype caused when bacterial cells take up foreign genetic material. 22. Transgenic Animals Animals that have foreign DNA in their cells. 23. Differentiated cell A cell that has become specialized to become a specific type of cell such as a liver cell. 24. Transformation The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another; first observed by Griffith. 25. Plasmids Circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the main chromosomes of bacteria. 26. Gene Expression The entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in DNA. 27. Genetic Code A sequence of nucleotides that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein or protein synthesis for example UUU AGU UUA GAG. Version D Last revised 6/27/2017 28. Ribosomal RNA Type of RNA molecule that plays a structural role in ribosomes. 29. Protein Organic compound made of amino acids. 30. Operator Region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase’s access to a set of genes with related functions. For each of the important discoveries that led to our present knowledge of the nature of genes described below, select the investigator(s) associated with each. Frederick Griffith Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Gregor Mendle Oswald Avery Erwin Chargaff Watson and Crick 31. Watson and Crick The first to propose the double helix model to describe DNA structure. 32. Hershey and Chase The DNA of a phage was injected into the bacterial host, but the protein coat stayed outside. The viral DNA directed the host to replicate new phage viruses. 33. Avery Chemicals from heat-killed S cells were purified. The chemicals were tested for the ability to transform R cells. The transformation agent was found to be DNA 34. Chargaff In any DNA sample, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. . Version D Last revised 6/27/2017 DNA Fingerprinting Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Key 1 Control 2 Blood at the crime scene 3 Victim 4 Suspect 1 5 Suspect 2 6 Suspect 3 7 Suspect 4 35. ______________ Which suspect’s DNA fingerprint most closely matches the DNA in the blood found at the crime scene? A. B. C. D. 36. C Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 3 Suspect 4 Why was the DNA from the victim in the crime included in the DNA fingerprint? A. They might have killed themselves B. Their identical twin might have killed them. C. To determine if the DNA gathered at the crime scene belonged to the victim. D. OJ Simpson might have killed the victim. 37. B Why was a control included in the DNA fingerprint? A. The Supreme Court demands that it be included. B. To ensure that the DNA fragments are moving as expected for their size through the gel electrophoresis. C. The DNA fragments needed someone to lead them in the right direction. D. Because it was suspected that OJ Simpson liked to wear dresses. Version D Last revised 6/27/2017 Multiple Choice. Please fill in the blank with the letter of the best answer. 38. C All of the following elements are present in DNA EXCEPT: A. nitrogen B. carbon (sugar) C. sulfur D. phosphorous 39. C For the sequence of bases on one strand of DNA, write the bases of the complementary DNA Strand: TCGAACT A. GATCCAG B. CTAGGTC C. AGCTTGA D. TGCATTC 40. A It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its A. sequence of bases B. phosphate-sugar backbones C. hydrogen bonds D. different five-carbon sugars 41. C In trying to determine whether DNA or protein was the genetic material, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used which of the following facts? A. DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does. B. DNA contains phosphorous, but protein does not. C. A and B are correct D. None of the above are correct Version D Last revised 6/27/2017 42. Draw a nucleotide and label its three parts in the space below. Short Answer Questions 43. What danger is avoided when using genetic engineering techniques to make vaccines as compared to the conventional method used to make the original polo vaccine? When making traditional vaccines scientist weaken or kill a harmful virus or bacteria and inject it into the body so that the person’s white blood cells will react to the surface proteins of the harmful bacteria or virus and build antibodies against it. The problem is that if the pathogen is not weakened enough or killed the person will get the pathogen they are trying to build immunity against. GE vaccines take the gene for the surface protein of a harmful virus or bacteria and inserted into harmless bacteria. Then they insert of GM harmless bacteria in a person. The white blood cells of the person still react to the surface proteins and build up antibodies but the danger of infecting the person with the harmful pathogen has been side stepped. 44. What is the goal of the Human Genome Project? Will the Human Genome Project tell us what the function of each gene is? Determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome Map the location of every gene on each chromosome in humans by the year 2003. HDP will only tell us the location of every gene not the function. Version D Last revised 6/27/2017 45. Describe the process of how proteins are synthesized from DNA using the following words in your description: transcription, translation, DNA, RNA polymerase, mRNA, tRNA, base-pairing rules, amino acids, nucleus, cytoplasm and proteins. 1 point for each of the above words explained correctly. Worth a total of 11 pts. Bonus Question 1 (0.5 per codon correctly decoded) Using the genetic code chart, which amino acids does the following mRNA sequence stand for? AUGGCAGCGUCCUACUGA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Methionine Alanine Alanine Serine Tyrosine Stop Bonus Question 2 (3 pts) Using 6 of your vocabulary words complete the comic on the next page. Each vocabulary word used generally correctly gets 0.5 pts. Version D