Download Population Genetics: Evolution at the Gene Level

BIOTECHNOLOGY-Genetic Engineering, Restriction Digestion, and Electrophoresis
What is Biotechnology?
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify
 __________________________________________________
 improve ___________________________________________
 to develop ____________________________for specific uses
Genetic engineering is taking one or more ____________________from one organism and
1. Transferring them to _____________________________________________(most common)
2. Putting them back into the original organism in _____________________________________
i. Transgenic Organisms: Bt Corn (____________________________________)
ii. Recombinant DNA (rDNA): ________________________________________
What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology?
__________________, Human, Veterinary, Environment, Agriculture, __________________________,
Industry and Manufacturing
rInsulin
The first commercial product made by genetic engineering (________).
Insulin is the __________________ used to control their ________________
levels in ___________________________
First sold in ___________, (S. San Francisco)
Biotech Tools
Restriction Enzyme: ___________________________________________
Ligase: ______________________________________________________
___________________________(Re-establishes the phosphodiester bond)
Gene of Interest: _____________________________________________
Recipient Genome: ___________________________________________
Plasmid: __________________________ that bacteria have in addition to
___________________________________________________
EXAMPLE
Restriction Enzyme
Natural function of restriction enzymes:
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Digest foreign (e.g. viral) DNA.
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
A closer look…. EcoR1
5’….ACTGTACGAATTCGCTA….3’
3’….TGACATGCTTAAGCGAT….5’
The DNA Ligase ________________________________
Let’s try it by creating a “Paper Plasmid”
HOW ENGINEERING A PLASMID REALLY DONE?
Steps for genetically engineering INSULIN
1. Take a _____________________________ and remove the nucleus
2. Extract the ________________________(genome) from the nucleus
3. Locate the _____________________________________________
4. Cut out the Insulin gene with a _____________________________
5. Take a _______________________________ and cut open with the
____________________________________________
6. Place the _________________ into the bacterial _________________;
you now _________________________________________________.
7. Place the ____________________________ back into an bacterial cell
(transformation)
8. The Bacteria will now produce ____________________ as a by-product.
WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO WITH DNA
Gel electrophoresis- Cuts DNA at repetitive sections that are unique=called Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
-We can use the fragments made by the _____________________________________ to make a
___________________________________________
-Looking for about ______ variations
-DNA is ___________________________ charged (due to ________________________________)
-When we pump electrical charge into the buffer, it will make the DNA move toward the positive
charge______________________________________________
Imagine you are a DNA molecule
-Smaller DNA fragments travel ____________________________________________
-If you were inside an agarose gel, your environment would resemble a _________________________.
-The smaller the DNA fragment, the ____________________it is to get through the web.
-This creates a DNA Fingerprint
http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/electrophoresis.html
Sample Gel
Who Committed the Crime?
How do you know?
LET’S TRY IT
Crime Scene Activity (Tape= _________________________, Scissors= ________________________)
 Lab: Crime Scene Analysis
Restriction digestion with BamH1 (________________________)
-Use Blue Pen
Restriction digestion with EcoR1 (_________________________)
-Use Red Pen
Plot fragments on _______________________________________________ (based on fragment sizes)
Exclude suspects
Answer questions on mock gel WS
Answer wrap questions
Find news article on DNA fingerprinting and summarize article
What is Cloning?
 Clones are organisms that are ________________________________. Every single bit of their
DNA is identical.

Clones can happen naturally—______________________________________ are just one of many
examples. Or they can be made in the lab by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Cloning vs. Cloning a gene
 When scientists clone an organism, they are making an exact genetic copy of the
________________________
 Cloning a gene usually involves copying the __________________________ of that gene into a
smaller, more easily manipulated piece of DNA, such as a ________________________.
 This process makes it easier to study the function of the individual
___________________________.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) aka: __________________________
1952 – _______________________________
1996 – The ____________________________ cloned from adult cells was
___________________________.
2001 – The first human embryo cloned, but on divided to ______________________, providing evidence
that human cloning is ___________________________________.
Dolly: ________________tries= ___________Sheep
On 14 February 2003, Dolly was ____________________ because she had a progressive lung disease
and severe arthritis. Normal Life expectancy: _____________________
Let’s Click and Clone
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION:
1. Fossils show change over time
 scientists can ___________________ & use them to support the _______________________________
 ___________________________revel whether species are related.
 Anatomy of ____________________ also shows relatedness
2.



Homologous Structures
________________________________________ because they share a common ancestor:
These structures “ ________________________”
Ex: human arm, dog front limb, horse leg, whale
3. Analogous structures

Distantly related species have _______________________________ but are ________________ in structure
_________________________
 These structures “ ________________________”
 Ex: wing of butterfly & bird

4. Vestigial structures
 Structures ________________ & often ____________________
 ___________________ of functional structures
________________________________

 Ex: leg & hip bones in pythons & whales
5. Molecular Evidence
 Also called ______________________ evidence
 Compares biomolecules such as _______________________________between organisms
 Related organisms have ________________________________________________________________
How do new species form?
1. Geographic Isolation
 When members of a population are separated
 Ex: ___________________________________________________
2. Reproductive Isolation
 When members of a population can’t breed even though they live nearby
 Ex: ____________________________________________________
4 Different Types of Evolution
1. Divergent Evolution-_______________________ populations evolve ______________________________
Ex: __________________________________ changed independently _________________________________
2. Convergent Evolution -Unrelated species become _____________ because they live in _______________________
Ex: shark & dolphin
3. Coevolution - Species that _____________________ adapt to _________________________
Ex: flowers & hummingbirds
4. Adaptive Radiation - Evolution of ___________________________ from
_________________common ancestor
Ex: ________________________________________
Population Genetics: Evolution at the Gene Level
Population:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Natural Selection:
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4 Steps of Natural Selection:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is Gene Pool-----The gene pool is the set of all _________________________________, in any
_____________________, usually of a particular species. This also proves to be the basic level at which
_______________________________.
Allele Frequency
•
The relative amount of an _________________________________ within a population (%)
Example: If 100 individuals make up a population and 50 are homozygous dominant, 25 are heterozygous, and 25 are
recessive, what is the allele frequency of the dominant allele?
Your Turn: If 300 individuals make up a population and 150 are homozygous dominant, 100 are heterozygous, and the
rest are recessive, what is the allele frequency of the recessive trait allele?
How does natural Selection affect allele frequency?
 Mutations provide the raw material on which ________________________________ can act.
 Evolution depends on _____________ because this is the only way that _____________ among organisms are
created
 Evolution acts on populations not ________________.
Survival of the Fittest:
 If individuals having certain _________________ are better able to produce _____________________________ than
those without them, the _____________________________________________ of those genes will increase.
 Survival: : ________________________________________________________________________
 Fitness: : ________________________________________________________________________
Different Lines of Evidence:
 Wolf Lineage:_____________________________________________________________________________

Darwin’s Finches: ________________________________________________________________________
Genetic Drift: Mutations that take place because of random fluctuations of gene frequencies
___________________________________________________________________________
Example: __________________________________ -- a rare form of dwarfism that
includes extra digits -- in the ______________________ population of eastern
Pennsylvania, which has ___________________________ over many generations.
Gene Flow: Changes in the _______________________ of a population because of the introduction of genes from
_______________________________________________________.
Example: ____________________________________was changed when U.S. Soldiers had children with Vietnamese
women during the Vietnam war.
Founder Effect: Changes in a population when a small population _________________________________________
bringing only a ___________________________________________________ and variation of the parent population.
(The population then will contain only those genes the initial individuals brought with them)
Example: __________________________________________
Bottleneck Effect: _________________________________________________________ leads to a population that no
longer represents the original.
 Organisms are recessive at almost all alleles
 Mutations____________________________________________________________
 Example: Cheetahs (2 bottleneck events)
1ST:10,000 years ago (_____________________)
2ND 1980’s ( _____________________________)
(Population has rebounded from this population bottleneck to some 100,000 animals
today. However, these animals are homozygous at every one of the gene loci that have
been examined.)
TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION:
•
•
•
Stabilizing Selection: Extremes from ___________________ of the
frequency distribution are _______________________.
The most common form of natural selection.
Example:___________________________________
Directional Selection:
• Individuals at either end of the distribution are _____________________.
The distribution shifts towards the ___________________________,
depending on which one is favored.
• What we usually think of as natural selection
• Example: : __________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Diversifying (Disruptive Selection)
•
Both _________________________________ at the expense of middle
phenotype
• A mechanism for ______________________________ without
_________________________________
Cladistics
• A Cladogram is a _______________________ that depicts species
divergence from _______________________
• They show the ________________distribution and origins of
___________________________.
• Cladograms are
______________________________________________________of
phylogenetic relationships.