* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Translation
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Protein (nutrient) wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Circular dichroism wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Translation The Genetic Code: Proteins are made by joining ______________ into long chains called _______________________________ (proteins). Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the _________ different amino acids. The properties of proteins are determined by the order in which different amino acids are ______________ together to produce polypeptides. The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the _____________________________. RNA contains four different bases: o Adenine = A o ______________ = U o Cytosine = C o Guanine = G These four letters carry instructions for the 20 different amino acids. This genetic code is read ___________________________ at a time; so each “word” of the coded message is three _________________ long. Each three-letter “word” in mRNA is known as a ________. A codon consist of three consecutive ____________________ that specify a __________________ amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide. Example sequence: o mRNA: UCGCACGGU o MRNA code: _______________________________ o Amino Acids: _______________________________ Because there are four different bases, there are _______possible three-based codons: o 4 x 4 x 4 = ______ Some amino acids can be specified by ___________ than one codon. o Example: 6 different codons specify for the amino acid ___________________. There is also one codon, ______, which codes for the amino acid _______________________. This is also the codon that serves as the “______________” codon for protein synthesis. There are also three ______________ codons that ______________ code for any amino acid. Stop codons act like a ________________________ at the end of a sentence. Translation: The sequence of ___________________ bases in an ___________ molecule serves as the instructions for the order in which amino acids should be joined together to produce a polypeptide. The structures that assemble the polypeptides from these instructions are called _____________________. This process of decoding the mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein) is called _____________________________. Translation takes place on __________________________. Step-by-Step Translation: 1. Before translation can occur, messenger RNA (mRNA) must first be transcribed from DNA in the ___________________ and released into the _____________________. 2. Translation begins when the mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attaches to a ribosome (___________________________). o As each _____________ of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper __________________________ is brought into the ribosome and attached to the growing polypeptide chain. o The ribosome does not know which amino acid to match to each codon. That is the job of the _________________________ (tRNA). o Each tRNA has an ______________________ attached to one end of the molecule and a region of three _______________________ on the other. o The _____________ bases on the tRNA molecule, called the a______________________, are complimentary to one of the mRNA codons. 3. Like an assembly line worker who attaches one part to another, the ribosome forms a _____________________________between the first and second amino acids (________________). o At the same time, the ribosome _____________ the bond that held the first tRNA molecule to its amino acid and ____________________ the tRNA molecule. o The ribosome then moves to the ________________ codon, where a tRNA molecule brings it the amino acid specified by the third codon. 4. The ______________________________ chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a __________________ on the mRNA molecule. o When the ribosome reaches a ______________________________, it releases the newly formed polypeptide and the mRNA molecule, completing the process of translation (______________________). The Roles of RNA and DNA: You can compare the different roles played by DNA and RNA molecules in directing protein synthesis to the two types of plans used by builders. A ______________________________ has all the information needed to construct a building. But builders never bring the valuable master plans to the building site, where it might be ________________ or ______________. Instead they make an invaluable copy of the master plans called ___________________. The master plans stay safely stored in the office, and the blueprints are taken to the job site. Similarly, the cell uses the vital _________ “master plan” to prepare ________ “blueprints”. The DNA molecule remains safely in the ___________________, while the RNA molecules go to the protein-building sites in the _____________________ – the ribosomes. Genes and Proteins: Gregor Mendel might have been surprised to learn that most genes contain nothing more than __________________ for ___________________proteins. He might of asked what proteins could possibly have to do with the color of flowers, the shape of the leaves, a human blood type, or the sex of a newborn baby. The answer is that ______________ have everything to do with these things. Remember that many proteins are _____________, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions. A gene that codes for an enzyme to produce______________ can control the color of a flower. Another enzyme-specifying gene helps produce a red blood cell surface ________________. This molecule determines your _______________________. Genes for certain proteins can regulate the rate and pattern of _________________ throughout an organism, controlling its _____________ and ___________________. In short, ________________ are the keys to almost everything that living cells do.