Download Translation

Translation
The Genetic Code:

Proteins are made by joining ______________ into long
chains called _______________________________
(proteins).

Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of
the _________ different amino acids.

The properties of proteins are determined by the order
in which different amino acids are ______________
together to produce polypeptides.

The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the _____________________________.

RNA contains four different bases:
o Adenine = A
o ______________ = U
o Cytosine = C
o Guanine = G

These four letters carry instructions for the 20
different amino acids.

This genetic code is read
___________________________ at a time; so each
“word” of the coded message is three
_________________ long.

Each three-letter “word” in mRNA is known as a ________.

A codon consist of three consecutive ____________________
that specify a __________________ amino acid that is to be
added to the polypeptide.

Example sequence:
o mRNA:
UCGCACGGU
o MRNA code:
_______________________________
o Amino Acids: _______________________________

Because there are four different bases,
there are _______possible three-based
codons:
o 4 x 4 x 4 = ______

Some amino acids can be specified by
___________ than one codon.
o Example: 6 different codons specify for
the amino acid ___________________.

There is also one codon, ______, which
codes for the amino acid
_______________________.

This is also the codon that serves as the
“______________” codon for protein
synthesis.

There are also three ______________
codons that ______________ code for any
amino acid.

Stop codons act like a ________________________ at the end of a sentence.
Translation:

The sequence of ___________________ bases in an
___________ molecule serves as the instructions for
the order in which amino acids should be joined
together to produce a polypeptide.

The structures that assemble the polypeptides from
these instructions are called
_____________________.

This process of decoding the mRNA message into a
polypeptide chain (protein) is called
_____________________________.

Translation takes place on
__________________________.
Step-by-Step Translation:
1. Before translation can occur, messenger RNA (mRNA) must first be transcribed from DNA
in the ___________________ and released into the _____________________.
2. Translation begins when the mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attaches to a ribosome
(___________________________).
o As each _____________ of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper
__________________________ is brought into
the ribosome and attached to the growing
polypeptide chain.
o The ribosome does not know which amino acid
to match to each codon. That is the job of the
_________________________ (tRNA).
o Each tRNA has an
______________________ attached to
one end of the molecule and a region of
three _______________________ on the
other.
o The _____________ bases on the tRNA
molecule, called the
a______________________, are
complimentary to one of the mRNA
codons.
3. Like an assembly line worker who attaches
one part to another, the ribosome forms a
_____________________________between
the first and second amino acids
(________________).
o At the same time, the ribosome
_____________ the bond that held the
first tRNA molecule to its amino acid
and ____________________ the tRNA
molecule.
o The ribosome then moves to the
________________ codon, where a tRNA molecule brings it the amino acid specified by
the third codon.
4. The ______________________________ chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a
__________________ on the mRNA molecule.
o When the ribosome reaches a ______________________________, it releases the newly
formed polypeptide and the mRNA molecule, completing the process of translation
(______________________).
The Roles of RNA and DNA:

You can compare the different roles played by DNA and RNA molecules in directing protein
synthesis to the two types of plans used by builders.

A ______________________________ has all the information needed to construct a building.

But builders never bring the valuable master plans to the building site, where it might be
________________ or ______________.

Instead they make an invaluable copy of the master plans called ___________________.

The master plans stay safely stored in the office, and the blueprints are taken to the job site.

Similarly, the cell uses the vital _________ “master plan” to prepare ________ “blueprints”.

The DNA molecule remains safely in the ___________________, while the RNA molecules go
to the protein-building sites in the _____________________ – the ribosomes.
Genes and Proteins:

Gregor Mendel might have been surprised to learn that most genes contain nothing more
than __________________ for ___________________proteins.

He might of asked what proteins could possibly have to do with the color of flowers, the
shape of the leaves, a human blood type, or the sex of a newborn baby.

The answer is that ______________ have everything to do with these things.

Remember that many proteins are _____________, which catalyze and regulate chemical
reactions.

A gene that codes for an enzyme to produce______________ can control the color of a flower.

Another enzyme-specifying gene helps produce a red blood cell surface ________________.

This molecule determines your _______________________.

Genes for certain proteins can regulate the rate and pattern of _________________
throughout an organism, controlling its _____________ and ___________________.

In short, ________________ are the keys to almost everything that living cells do.