BIOLOGY 311C - Brand Spring 2007 NAME (printed very legibly
... a. is chemically more reduced. b. is protonated. c. is the D enantiomer of lactate. d. contains a bound molecule of H2O. 17. Which one of the following takes place in the cytoplasmic matrix of eukaryotes? a. The Kreb cycle b. The Calvin Cycle c. Glycolysis d. Transcription 18. During the first few r ...
... a. is chemically more reduced. b. is protonated. c. is the D enantiomer of lactate. d. contains a bound molecule of H2O. 17. Which one of the following takes place in the cytoplasmic matrix of eukaryotes? a. The Kreb cycle b. The Calvin Cycle c. Glycolysis d. Transcription 18. During the first few r ...
chapter9sganswers
... 21. As a result of electron transfer from one protein of the electron transport chain to the next, ___Protons H+______(ions) are actively transported from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space. Why does the transport of the ions identified above require energy? There is a lower ...
... 21. As a result of electron transfer from one protein of the electron transport chain to the next, ___Protons H+______(ions) are actively transported from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space. Why does the transport of the ions identified above require energy? There is a lower ...
Review Problems #2 (Enzyme Review, Phosphatases
... 2) The branchpoint for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis is chorismate. What is the structure of chorismate? What are the three immediate products derived from chorismate that constitute the first unique steps in the synthesis of the three aromatic amino acids? 3) From where are the two carbons of th ...
... 2) The branchpoint for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis is chorismate. What is the structure of chorismate? What are the three immediate products derived from chorismate that constitute the first unique steps in the synthesis of the three aromatic amino acids? 3) From where are the two carbons of th ...
Aerobic Metabolism ii: electron transport chain
... bacteria and archaea) contain intracellular organelles called mitochondria that produce ATP. Energy sources such as glucose are initially metabolized in the cytoplasm. The products are imported into mitochondria. Mitochondria continue the process of catabolism using metabolic pathways including the ...
... bacteria and archaea) contain intracellular organelles called mitochondria that produce ATP. Energy sources such as glucose are initially metabolized in the cytoplasm. The products are imported into mitochondria. Mitochondria continue the process of catabolism using metabolic pathways including the ...
Chapter 6 and 9 - Wando High School
... 14. What process occurs during the light-independent reactions? What products from the light reactions does it use? Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH 15. What gas is required for the dark reactions to occur? Carbon dioxide 16. The final product of the Calvin Cycle is _____________________. glucose 17. Wha ...
... 14. What process occurs during the light-independent reactions? What products from the light reactions does it use? Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH 15. What gas is required for the dark reactions to occur? Carbon dioxide 16. The final product of the Calvin Cycle is _____________________. glucose 17. Wha ...
SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID Acetyl
... The formation of D12 and D15 double bonds is not possible in animals Animals cannot synthesize linoleic acid (18:2D9,12), linolenic acid (18:3D9,12,15), or arachidonic acid (20:4 D5,8,11,14), which are used in the synthesis of eicosanoid hormones – Prostaglandins – Leukotrienes These are called esse ...
... The formation of D12 and D15 double bonds is not possible in animals Animals cannot synthesize linoleic acid (18:2D9,12), linolenic acid (18:3D9,12,15), or arachidonic acid (20:4 D5,8,11,14), which are used in the synthesis of eicosanoid hormones – Prostaglandins – Leukotrienes These are called esse ...
biomolecule notes
... c. Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharides combined i. Such as: glucose + fructose = sucrose – table sugar d. Polysaccharide = 3+ monosaccharides combined i. Such as: starch (used in food storage for plants), glycogen (food stored in the liver of animals) & cellulose (forms the cell walls in plants to give ...
... c. Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharides combined i. Such as: glucose + fructose = sucrose – table sugar d. Polysaccharide = 3+ monosaccharides combined i. Such as: starch (used in food storage for plants), glycogen (food stored in the liver of animals) & cellulose (forms the cell walls in plants to give ...
PhotosynthesisCalving CycleON
... twice in order to make a molecule of glucose. (Actually 6 times). 1. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose biphosphate. Ru-Bp is a pentose monosacharide with 2 ...
... twice in order to make a molecule of glucose. (Actually 6 times). 1. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose biphosphate. Ru-Bp is a pentose monosacharide with 2 ...
Biochemistry - DENTISTRY 2012
... carboxylase ( we called this reaction carboxylation ) . * Biotin is a co-factor here . ( pyruvate carboxylase is a similar step) . - then D-methylmalonyl CoA is converted to L- methylmalonyl CoA by isomerase , the carboxyl group is shifted so we will have a straight chain with 4-carbon which is call ...
... carboxylase ( we called this reaction carboxylation ) . * Biotin is a co-factor here . ( pyruvate carboxylase is a similar step) . - then D-methylmalonyl CoA is converted to L- methylmalonyl CoA by isomerase , the carboxyl group is shifted so we will have a straight chain with 4-carbon which is call ...
1. Diagram energy flow through the biosphere
... acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced and how it links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. • Pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondria • The Krebs cycle completes glucose oxidation by breaking down a pyruvate derivative (acetyl CoA) into CO2 • Junction between glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle is the oxid ...
... acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced and how it links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. • Pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondria • The Krebs cycle completes glucose oxidation by breaking down a pyruvate derivative (acetyl CoA) into CO2 • Junction between glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle is the oxid ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... • Aerobic Respiration–requires a mitochondrion and oxygen –is a three phase process ...
... • Aerobic Respiration–requires a mitochondrion and oxygen –is a three phase process ...
Topics To Know For Chapter 6
... 12. Know the events of chemiosmosis discussed in class and where does it take place. - thylakoid membrane - ATP synthetase - thylakoid space - electron flow - pH 4 - photosystems I & II - H+ concentration 13. Know what makes the Calvin cycle work or operate. Describe the events taking place in the C ...
... 12. Know the events of chemiosmosis discussed in class and where does it take place. - thylakoid membrane - ATP synthetase - thylakoid space - electron flow - pH 4 - photosystems I & II - H+ concentration 13. Know what makes the Calvin cycle work or operate. Describe the events taking place in the C ...
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... • TCA cycle (a.k.a Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) plays several roles in metabolism • It is the final pathway where oxidative metabolism of CHO’s, aa’s & fatty acids converge, their C skeletons being converted to CO2 & H2O. This oxidation provides energy for production of majority of ATP. • The c ...
... • TCA cycle (a.k.a Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) plays several roles in metabolism • It is the final pathway where oxidative metabolism of CHO’s, aa’s & fatty acids converge, their C skeletons being converted to CO2 & H2O. This oxidation provides energy for production of majority of ATP. • The c ...
gluconeogenesis
... differ depending upon the gluconeogenetic precursor (lactate or pyruvate) and are determined by cytosolic requirements for NADH in gluconeogenesis. ...
... differ depending upon the gluconeogenetic precursor (lactate or pyruvate) and are determined by cytosolic requirements for NADH in gluconeogenesis. ...
3 biochemistry, macromolecules
... • If no oxygen is available pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid (build up causes muscle soreness) • No ATP produced • Allows glycolysis to start over (regenerates NAD+) ...
... • If no oxygen is available pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid (build up causes muscle soreness) • No ATP produced • Allows glycolysis to start over (regenerates NAD+) ...
Photosynthesis - cloudfront.net
... C reduced + O oxidized ----------> C Oxidized + O reduced II. The molecule which temporarily stores energy for the cell until it is needed is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule consists of three different parts: adenosine adenine: a nitrogen containing double ring molecule ribos ...
... C reduced + O oxidized ----------> C Oxidized + O reduced II. The molecule which temporarily stores energy for the cell until it is needed is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule consists of three different parts: adenosine adenine: a nitrogen containing double ring molecule ribos ...
Reading Guide
... glycogen degradation and turning on glycogen synthesis. 16. Liver cells respond to glucagon by _________________________. 17. Muscle does not respond to glucagon, but does respond to ______________________ by releasing stored fuel. 18. How do glucagon and epinephrine stimulate the breakdown of fats? ...
... glycogen degradation and turning on glycogen synthesis. 16. Liver cells respond to glucagon by _________________________. 17. Muscle does not respond to glucagon, but does respond to ______________________ by releasing stored fuel. 18. How do glucagon and epinephrine stimulate the breakdown of fats? ...
How Did Life Begin? Unit Objectives Vocabulary: Miller
... By the end of this unit students will be able to: o Describe what it means to be alive using no less than six criteria. o List the two components of cell theory and explain how they apply to the fossil record explored in unit 1 and the origin of life itself. o Explain the origin of organic molecules ...
... By the end of this unit students will be able to: o Describe what it means to be alive using no less than six criteria. o List the two components of cell theory and explain how they apply to the fossil record explored in unit 1 and the origin of life itself. o Explain the origin of organic molecules ...
Chapter 3 Bioenergetics
... 2. Calculate the free energy released when FADH2 is oxidized by molecular O2 under standard conditions. 3. Of the following substances, ubiquinone, cytochrome c, NAD+, NADH, O2, H2O, which is the strongest reducing agent ? Which is the strongest oxidizing agent ? Which has the greatest affinity for ...
... 2. Calculate the free energy released when FADH2 is oxidized by molecular O2 under standard conditions. 3. Of the following substances, ubiquinone, cytochrome c, NAD+, NADH, O2, H2O, which is the strongest reducing agent ? Which is the strongest oxidizing agent ? Which has the greatest affinity for ...
energy - Wsfcs
... The metabolism of pyruvic acid during fermentation does not actually produce ATP. The actual function of fermentation is to break down pyruvic acid and regenerate NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis, where ATP is formed. ...
... The metabolism of pyruvic acid during fermentation does not actually produce ATP. The actual function of fermentation is to break down pyruvic acid and regenerate NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis, where ATP is formed. ...
Xe– + Y → X + Ye–
... Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration. Many carbohydrates can enter glycolysis, most often after conversion to glucose. Amino acids of proteins must be deaminated before being oxidized. The fatty acids of fats undergo beta oxidation to two ...
... Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration. Many carbohydrates can enter glycolysis, most often after conversion to glucose. Amino acids of proteins must be deaminated before being oxidized. The fatty acids of fats undergo beta oxidation to two ...
Cellular Respiration - Esperanza High School
... Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). • It takes 2 turns of the Krebs Cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule. ...
... Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). • It takes 2 turns of the Krebs Cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule. ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.