Directed Reading
... chemical energy is released gradually in a series of enzyme-assisted reactions. When a log is burned, stored chemical energy is released quickly as heat and light. 12. ATP is called an energy currency because cells can “spend it” in order to carry out cellular processes that require energy. 13. Ener ...
... chemical energy is released gradually in a series of enzyme-assisted reactions. When a log is burned, stored chemical energy is released quickly as heat and light. 12. ATP is called an energy currency because cells can “spend it” in order to carry out cellular processes that require energy. 13. Ener ...
Table of Contents - Milan Area Schools
... catalyzed by an enzyme complex attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane. • The acetyl group is added to coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. One NADH + H+ is generated during this reaction. ...
... catalyzed by an enzyme complex attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane. • The acetyl group is added to coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. One NADH + H+ is generated during this reaction. ...
electron transport chain
... Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous activities, why can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day, yet maintain a healthy body weight? ( Module 6.4) They can't, and this has led to a problem of obesity in the United States. People really should ...
... Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous activities, why can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day, yet maintain a healthy body weight? ( Module 6.4) They can't, and this has led to a problem of obesity in the United States. People really should ...
Exercise Physiology Study Guide-Test 1 History of Exercise
... Oxidation of Fat (Beta-Oxidation) o Lypolysis-breakdown of triglyericde into glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA’s) o Acetyle CoA enters Krebs cycle and ETC o Fat oxidation requires more oxygen and generates more energy than CHO oxidation o Once acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle, it follows the same fate ...
... Oxidation of Fat (Beta-Oxidation) o Lypolysis-breakdown of triglyericde into glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA’s) o Acetyle CoA enters Krebs cycle and ETC o Fat oxidation requires more oxygen and generates more energy than CHO oxidation o Once acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle, it follows the same fate ...
Cellular Respiration
... higher positive charge in the intermembrane space than in the matrix, and a chemical gradient created by a higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space. • The electrochemical gradient stores free energy; the protonmotive force (PMF). • The mitochondrial membrane is almost impermeable t ...
... higher positive charge in the intermembrane space than in the matrix, and a chemical gradient created by a higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space. • The electrochemical gradient stores free energy; the protonmotive force (PMF). • The mitochondrial membrane is almost impermeable t ...
EXAM 2 Fall2007.doc
... E) stretch receptors. 42. What is a major component of primary cell walls of plants? A) chitin B) cellulose C) pectin D) lignin E) protein Answer: B 43. Besides ATP, glycolysis also directly produces: a) GTP. b) NADH. ...
... E) stretch receptors. 42. What is a major component of primary cell walls of plants? A) chitin B) cellulose C) pectin D) lignin E) protein Answer: B 43. Besides ATP, glycolysis also directly produces: a) GTP. b) NADH. ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation Goal: ATP Synthesis
... • NADH + H+ + ½ O2 NAD+ + H2O + 10 H+ pumped • succinate + ½ O2 fumarate + H2O + 6 H+ pumped ...
... • NADH + H+ + ½ O2 NAD+ + H2O + 10 H+ pumped • succinate + ½ O2 fumarate + H2O + 6 H+ pumped ...
Ecological speciation model
... 2 CO2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP -> 3 phosphoglycerate + ATP 2 acetaldehyde H3C C O H Net ATP 2 NADH use 2 ATP make 4 ATP ...
... 2 CO2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP -> 3 phosphoglycerate + ATP 2 acetaldehyde H3C C O H Net ATP 2 NADH use 2 ATP make 4 ATP ...
Cellular Respiration
... in the lungs there are millions of little air sacs called alveoli that are surrounded by capillaries here the blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen this oxygen will be taken directly to the cells when the oxygen gets to the cell, the mitochondria takes it and begins the process of cellu ...
... in the lungs there are millions of little air sacs called alveoli that are surrounded by capillaries here the blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen this oxygen will be taken directly to the cells when the oxygen gets to the cell, the mitochondria takes it and begins the process of cellu ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... Energy from the flow of electrons maintains a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane This proton gradient drives the synthesis of ATP. This process is called “oxidative phosphorylation” ...
... Energy from the flow of electrons maintains a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane This proton gradient drives the synthesis of ATP. This process is called “oxidative phosphorylation” ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
... - H4 isozyme associated with heart and aerobic skeletal muscles; high substrate affinity ( low Km) for lactate compared to the M4 isozyme - M4 isozymes is specific to those skeletal muscles functioning anaerobically - pyruvate is a substrate for H4 isozyme, but it also inhibits the reaction catalyze ...
... - H4 isozyme associated with heart and aerobic skeletal muscles; high substrate affinity ( low Km) for lactate compared to the M4 isozyme - M4 isozymes is specific to those skeletal muscles functioning anaerobically - pyruvate is a substrate for H4 isozyme, but it also inhibits the reaction catalyze ...
Molecular Biology
... Answer on a sheet of notebook paper. You do not need to write the question. 1. Which animal had to eat the most food? The second most? The least? 2. Why do animals lower on the food chain need to ...
... Answer on a sheet of notebook paper. You do not need to write the question. 1. Which animal had to eat the most food? The second most? The least? 2. Why do animals lower on the food chain need to ...
electron transport chain
... series of oxidation reactions ultimately yielding CO2 and water. The metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specific coenzymes—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - to form the energy-rich reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2. These red ...
... series of oxidation reactions ultimately yielding CO2 and water. The metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specific coenzymes—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - to form the energy-rich reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2. These red ...
Khaled Hamarneh Summary
... carrying molecule sulfur cluster then heme C then cytochrome C, 2nd electron goes to heme b1 heme b2 ubiquinone there’s a ubiquinone binding site on complex 3, ubiquinone binds to it. ...
... carrying molecule sulfur cluster then heme C then cytochrome C, 2nd electron goes to heme b1 heme b2 ubiquinone there’s a ubiquinone binding site on complex 3, ubiquinone binds to it. ...
Part (II) Nitrogenous molecules metabolism
... kwashiorkor or marasmus. 2. Amino acid catabolism: Amino group: NH4+ (NH3)2CO (in mammal, urea cycle) C-skeleton: all enter TCA cycle ...
... kwashiorkor or marasmus. 2. Amino acid catabolism: Amino group: NH4+ (NH3)2CO (in mammal, urea cycle) C-skeleton: all enter TCA cycle ...
PDF - MD Body and Med spa
... Therefore, input of succinyl CoA provides the citric acid cycle a net gain of carbon of carbon atoms which could be used for biosynthesis (e.g. gluconeogenesis - making glucose). Acetyl CoA (2 carbon unit) enters the citric acid cycle before the loss of 2 carbon dioxide so there is no net gain of ca ...
... Therefore, input of succinyl CoA provides the citric acid cycle a net gain of carbon of carbon atoms which could be used for biosynthesis (e.g. gluconeogenesis - making glucose). Acetyl CoA (2 carbon unit) enters the citric acid cycle before the loss of 2 carbon dioxide so there is no net gain of ca ...
Glycolysis PP
... • Many of the functions of a cell are the same, regardless of cell type. For example: – Copying DNA – Building proteins – Getting energy from glucose ...
... • Many of the functions of a cell are the same, regardless of cell type. For example: – Copying DNA – Building proteins – Getting energy from glucose ...
RTRI Cellular Respiration
... tumour cells rely on anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen and that this is due to some impairment of the mitochondria in these cells. One opportunity for fighting cancer may therefore be to disrupt the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells, thereby depriving them of the energy they need ...
... tumour cells rely on anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen and that this is due to some impairment of the mitochondria in these cells. One opportunity for fighting cancer may therefore be to disrupt the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells, thereby depriving them of the energy they need ...
Cellular Respiration – Chapter 7 – Lesson 2 – Aerobic Cellular
... Recall that by the end of Stage 1, glycolysis, the cell had formed 2 ATPs, 2NADHs and 2 pyruvate molecules—all in the cytoplasm Stage 2 begins when the two pyruvate molecules formed in glycolysis are transported through the two mitochondrial membranes into the matrix ...
... Recall that by the end of Stage 1, glycolysis, the cell had formed 2 ATPs, 2NADHs and 2 pyruvate molecules—all in the cytoplasm Stage 2 begins when the two pyruvate molecules formed in glycolysis are transported through the two mitochondrial membranes into the matrix ...
Physiology for Coaches
... Phoshagen system: • Provides energy at the start of exercise, in sporting terms is primarily used in short high intensity activities such as weight lifting and sprinting. In this system two reactions occur ...
... Phoshagen system: • Provides energy at the start of exercise, in sporting terms is primarily used in short high intensity activities such as weight lifting and sprinting. In this system two reactions occur ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.