Covalent Reactions Atoms SHARE electrons
... • Phospholipids- like fats but has phosphate group instead of third fatty acid • Steroids- has a backbone of 4 fused carbon rings (Cholesterol is a type of steroid) ...
... • Phospholipids- like fats but has phosphate group instead of third fatty acid • Steroids- has a backbone of 4 fused carbon rings (Cholesterol is a type of steroid) ...
Document
... Coupling of Electron Transport with ATP Synthesis Electron transport is tightly coupled to phosphorylation. ATP can not be synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation unless there is energy from electron transport. Electrons do not flow through the electron-transport chain to O2 unless ADP is phosphory ...
... Coupling of Electron Transport with ATP Synthesis Electron transport is tightly coupled to phosphorylation. ATP can not be synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation unless there is energy from electron transport. Electrons do not flow through the electron-transport chain to O2 unless ADP is phosphory ...
Lecture #11 – 9/28 – Dr. Hirsh
... If we don’t have free diffusion of gases (stomata closed) -> increased level of oxygen in the leaf [from light reaction!], decreased concentration of CO2 , thus increase in the rate of photorespiration. ...
... If we don’t have free diffusion of gases (stomata closed) -> increased level of oxygen in the leaf [from light reaction!], decreased concentration of CO2 , thus increase in the rate of photorespiration. ...
Cellular Respiration
... produce energy without oxygen-muscle cells. Anaerobic respiration is the process that releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen. ...
... produce energy without oxygen-muscle cells. Anaerobic respiration is the process that releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen. ...
cell respiration
... The amino acids are sent to the liver where the liver removes the amine group. The left over acid is then used at some point in the Krebs cycle. ...
... The amino acids are sent to the liver where the liver removes the amine group. The left over acid is then used at some point in the Krebs cycle. ...
Final Review - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... The citric acid cycle - where electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are made in the mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course ...
... The citric acid cycle - where electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are made in the mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course ...
EnviroRegulationofMicrobialMetabolism-rev
... (2.) How do we make sense out of biochemical complexity? (A.) Employ a unit process approach (B.) All of the 75-100 known building blocks, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups are synthesized from only 12 precursor metabolites by reactions that employ energy (high energy phosphate bonds from ATP), redu ...
... (2.) How do we make sense out of biochemical complexity? (A.) Employ a unit process approach (B.) All of the 75-100 known building blocks, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups are synthesized from only 12 precursor metabolites by reactions that employ energy (high energy phosphate bonds from ATP), redu ...
160 GLUCOSE DECREASES DURING AMINO ACID
... j l C into the acid-soluble purines (I), which were purified by ion exchange chromatography and analyzed by HPLC. After castration,the levels of bases decrease,specially the adenine, the specific activity (dpm/pmole) decreases ,whi le the guanineladenine labeling ratio (counts per min in guanine/cou ...
... j l C into the acid-soluble purines (I), which were purified by ion exchange chromatography and analyzed by HPLC. After castration,the levels of bases decrease,specially the adenine, the specific activity (dpm/pmole) decreases ,whi le the guanineladenine labeling ratio (counts per min in guanine/cou ...
ATP - TeacherWeb
... 3. The 2 pyruvate molecules give off CO2 and are converted into Acetyl CoA if enough oxygen is present. (If not, the pyruvate is fermented) ...
... 3. The 2 pyruvate molecules give off CO2 and are converted into Acetyl CoA if enough oxygen is present. (If not, the pyruvate is fermented) ...
Summary of Chapter 24
... • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces 2NADH (= 6ATP). • Krebs bicycle: Urea cycle and aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt of citric acid cycle. • Urea cycle ...
... • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces 2NADH (= 6ATP). • Krebs bicycle: Urea cycle and aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt of citric acid cycle. • Urea cycle ...
Outline05 Enzymes - Napa Valley College
... - major energy source for cells: oxidation of sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids - redox reactions are coupled: one molecule is oxidized, another is reduced - redox reactions in cells often involve transfer of H atoms (not H+ ions) e.g., reduction of pyruvate to lactate: C=O + 2 H → H-C-OH ...
... - major energy source for cells: oxidation of sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids - redox reactions are coupled: one molecule is oxidized, another is reduced - redox reactions in cells often involve transfer of H atoms (not H+ ions) e.g., reduction of pyruvate to lactate: C=O + 2 H → H-C-OH ...
Mitochondria consist of a matrix where three
... Some energy is always converted to a form that a cell can not use. This is called heat. Heat energy does not change from place to place locally. It is uniform, lacking a usable gradient. This uniformity cannot be tapped by metabolism to do work, it can only supply kinetic energy for diffusion or giv ...
... Some energy is always converted to a form that a cell can not use. This is called heat. Heat energy does not change from place to place locally. It is uniform, lacking a usable gradient. This uniformity cannot be tapped by metabolism to do work, it can only supply kinetic energy for diffusion or giv ...
Name - wwphs
... 13. If an organism goes through aerobic cellular respiration, how many ATPs does it produce total? 38 ATP 14. When there is not enough oxygen available for aerobic cellular respiration, what happens? Anaerobic (fermentation) cellular respiration What are the two types of this process that we learned ...
... 13. If an organism goes through aerobic cellular respiration, how many ATPs does it produce total? 38 ATP 14. When there is not enough oxygen available for aerobic cellular respiration, what happens? Anaerobic (fermentation) cellular respiration What are the two types of this process that we learned ...
ch4 reading guide key
... 6. The energy released by oxidation of glucose is used to promote cellular metabolism. 7. In cells, enzymes initiate oxidation by lowering the activation energy. 8. Cellular respiration is the process that released energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use. IV. Ce ...
... 6. The energy released by oxidation of glucose is used to promote cellular metabolism. 7. In cells, enzymes initiate oxidation by lowering the activation energy. 8. Cellular respiration is the process that released energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use. IV. Ce ...
II. Control of Metabolic Reactions
... 6. The energy released by oxidation of glucose is used to promote cellular metabolism. 7. In cells, enzymes initiate oxidation by lowering the activation energy. 8. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use. IV. Ce ...
... 6. The energy released by oxidation of glucose is used to promote cellular metabolism. 7. In cells, enzymes initiate oxidation by lowering the activation energy. 8. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use. IV. Ce ...
Lecture 2: Glycolysis Part 1 - Berkeley MCB
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies
... Fed state: Malonyl-CoA formed in the fed state is a potent inhibitor of CPT-1. Under these conditions, free fatty acids enter the liver cell in low concentrations and are nearly all esterified to acylglycerols and transported out as VLDL. Starvation: Free fatty acid concentration increases with sta ...
... Fed state: Malonyl-CoA formed in the fed state is a potent inhibitor of CPT-1. Under these conditions, free fatty acids enter the liver cell in low concentrations and are nearly all esterified to acylglycerols and transported out as VLDL. Starvation: Free fatty acid concentration increases with sta ...
3/14 Cellular Respiration
... Recall that aerobic respiration uses oxygen. After glycolysis, some cells (humans included) can put the pyruvate through two aerobic respiration stages. ...
... Recall that aerobic respiration uses oxygen. After glycolysis, some cells (humans included) can put the pyruvate through two aerobic respiration stages. ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)
... 41) When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the A) formation of ATP. B) reduction of NAD+. C) restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane. D) creation of a proton-motive force. E) lowering of pH i ...
... 41) When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the A) formation of ATP. B) reduction of NAD+. C) restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane. D) creation of a proton-motive force. E) lowering of pH i ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate → → → 2 Lactate (sent to
... Reaction occurs in cells without mitochondria (RBC) or in cells when O2 is limited (muscle cells during exercise). The entire purpose of this reaction is to convert the NADH produced in step 6 of glycolysis back to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. This is simply a redox reaction in which pyruva ...
... Reaction occurs in cells without mitochondria (RBC) or in cells when O2 is limited (muscle cells during exercise). The entire purpose of this reaction is to convert the NADH produced in step 6 of glycolysis back to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. This is simply a redox reaction in which pyruva ...
glycogen
... In the liver and muscles, most of the glucose is changed into glycogen by the process of glycogenesis (anabolism). Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles until needed at some later time when glucose levels are low. If blood glucose levels are low, then epinephrine and glucogon hormones are ...
... In the liver and muscles, most of the glucose is changed into glycogen by the process of glycogenesis (anabolism). Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles until needed at some later time when glucose levels are low. If blood glucose levels are low, then epinephrine and glucogon hormones are ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.