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Exam #2
Exam #2

... (as in fertilizers) are also absent. Assuming the temperature could be raised to make water available for life, consider the prospects for life there. (1) If you were to anticipate what kinds of life might succeed on mars would it be chemotrophic or phototrophic? ...
Chap 9 PowerPoint file (*)
Chap 9 PowerPoint file (*)

... • A redox reaction that relocates electrons closer to oxygen releases chemical energy that can do work. • To reverse the process, energy must be added to pull an electron away from an atom. ...
PTHR18866 CARBOXYLASE:PYRUVATE/ACETYL
PTHR18866 CARBOXYLASE:PYRUVATE/ACETYL

... PTN000429606 - ACC • Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity • all cytoplasmic, except yeast hfa1 and clade including ACC2 - these are mitochondrial • propagated “fatty acid biosynthetic process”, acetyl-CoA metabolic process, malonyl-CoA biosynthetic process and lipid metabolic process ...
File
File

... leads to the proteinogenic amino acid arginine, which is synthesized in this way in animal metabolism. [5] In the final step, urea is released from the guanidinium group of the arginine by hydrolysis , and is immediately rearranged into urea. In addition, ornithine is regenerated and returns via the ...
Freeman 1e: How we got there
Freeman 1e: How we got there

... anaerobic metabolism. The end result of glycolysis is the release of a small amount of energy that is conserved as ATP and the production of fermentation products. For each glucose consumed in glycolysis, two ATPs are produced. • Glycolysis is an anoxic process and can be divided into three major st ...
PPT
PPT

... • Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the ...
GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS

... • Provide the cell with usable energy as ATP • Cells with high energy demands make more mitochondria • Muscle cells have very high number of mitochondria • We breath to get oxygen to our mitochondria and to to rid ourselves of the carbon dioxide the mitochondria produce • The blood carries these gas ...
Glycolysis 2
Glycolysis 2

Chapter 9
Chapter 9

... the mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation of glucose is completed ...
Microbial Metabolism PowerPoint
Microbial Metabolism PowerPoint

... 3) harnesses the energy in ea) e- donor loses an e- (oxidation) which is taken up by an e- acceptor (reduction) i) e- is usually part of H atom b) energy is released every time the e- (H) is transferred c) often incorporates an intermediate eacceptor i) results in 2 transfers (more E) ...
Cellular Resp
Cellular Resp

... oxidase. Why is this lethal? ...
metabolism - Websupport1
metabolism - Websupport1

... reticulum, where they are resynthesized into triglycerides. Triglycerides, combined with cholesterol and phospholipids and then they are coated with proteins, creating a complex called chylomicrons (complex of lipids and proteins or lipoproteins). The protein coat makes them water soluble and facili ...
Energy Systems
Energy Systems

...  ATP/PC – uses phosphocreatine as its fuel with heat as its only byproduct.  Lactic Acid – Carbohydrates are the source of food and lactic acid is a negative by product in this energy system.  Aerobic Energy System – Uses carbohydrates, proteins and fats as fuel. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are t ...
Lec. 4 - Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)
Lec. 4 - Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)

... 2) Free fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue; directly affects the level of ketogenesis  the factors regulating mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue are important in controlling ketogenesis. 3) The activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase- I in liver, which determines the ...
Harvesting Energy
Harvesting Energy

... The electron carriers donate their electrons to a series of complexes within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes, together called the electron transport chain, use the donated energy from the electron carriers to pump protons into the intermembrane space, forming a concentration gradie ...
Mitochondria: Energy Conversion
Mitochondria: Energy Conversion

... Glycolysis: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate  3phospho-glycerate; phosphoenolpyruvate  pyruvate ...
Slides - Websupport1
Slides - Websupport1

... As soon as glucose is inside the cell, a phosphate is added to carbon number 6, and the new molecule is called glucose 6 phosphate. This reaction is called phosphorylation and it requires one ATP, enzyme ...
( 2 points each).
( 2 points each).

... Multiple Choice. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. ( 2 points each). ...
3. Proteins
3. Proteins

... • Occurs when the bonds of a protein are disrupted, causing an often permanent change in shape • ex. X-ray radiation or nuclear radioactivity can disrupt protein structure and can lead to cancer or genetic damage. ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... Glycolysis yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and each react with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Krebs Cycle- breaks down the acetyl CoA to produce CO2, hydrogen, and ATP. ...
Notes
Notes

... – 10 NADH take electrons to the ETS  3 ATP from each – 2 FADH2 take electrons to the ETS  2 ATP from each • Electrons carried by NADH produced during glycolysis are shuttled to the electron transport chain by an organic molecule (mechanism of delivery may vary # of ATP produced by ETS). ...
Review Problems for amino acids, carbohydrates, glycolysis and the
Review Problems for amino acids, carbohydrates, glycolysis and the

... Consider the following explanation (from Web MD) of lactic acidosis, a condition that arises during vigorous anaerobic exercise. “Lactic acidosis occurs naturally when lactic acid, a byproduct of metabolism, builds up in muscles and blood during vigorous exercise. Lactic acidosis due to exercise lea ...
Review Problems for amino acids, carbohydrates, glycolysis and the
Review Problems for amino acids, carbohydrates, glycolysis and the

... Consider the following explanation (from Web MD) of lactic acidosis, a condition that arises during vigorous anaerobic exercise. “Lactic acidosis occurs naturally when lactic acid, a byproduct of metabolism, builds up in muscles and blood during vigorous exercise. Lactic acidosis due to exercise lea ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... Steps of the E.T.C. STEP 1: the electron carriers that picked up electrons in glycolysis, no name step, and the Kreb’s cycle pass their electrons to the first molecule of the electron transport chain STEP 2: with each successive pass to other carriers, the electrons lose energy STEP 3: The energy l ...
Cellular respiration guided notes completed
Cellular respiration guided notes completed

... ADP can be converted back to ATP by adding a third phosphate group…this requires energy…the source of energy is the organic molecules in food ...
< 1 ... 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 ... 483 >

Citric acid cycle



The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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