Detailed Objectives
... Understand the general flow of nitrogen in animal amino acid catabolism and anabolism. Know the importance of aminotransferase reactions in amino acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Know the importance of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate and alanine in these processes. Be able to supply structures for ...
... Understand the general flow of nitrogen in animal amino acid catabolism and anabolism. Know the importance of aminotransferase reactions in amino acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Know the importance of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate and alanine in these processes. Be able to supply structures for ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... The purpose of fermentation reactions is a) To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue b) To make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions c) To make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough d) To slow down cellular oxygen consu ...
... The purpose of fermentation reactions is a) To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue b) To make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions c) To make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough d) To slow down cellular oxygen consu ...
Glycolysis - Fairfield Public Schools
... often used to refer to aerobic respiration Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
... often used to refer to aerobic respiration Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
Document
... • In most higher eukaryotes, fatty acid synthase complex is found in cytosol. • Usually, NADPH carries electrons for anabolic reactions, and NAD+ in catabolic reactions. • In plants, NADPH is produced in the chloroplast stroma and hence favouring the reduction of oxygen as in mitochondria. ...
... • In most higher eukaryotes, fatty acid synthase complex is found in cytosol. • Usually, NADPH carries electrons for anabolic reactions, and NAD+ in catabolic reactions. • In plants, NADPH is produced in the chloroplast stroma and hence favouring the reduction of oxygen as in mitochondria. ...
L02_IntroMetab
... • ATP is not THE most energy-containing molecule in metabolism – Something has to MAKE it, of course! – ATP is intermediate in energy content – perfect for its role as ‘mediator’ between the arms of anabolism and catabolism ...
... • ATP is not THE most energy-containing molecule in metabolism – Something has to MAKE it, of course! – ATP is intermediate in energy content – perfect for its role as ‘mediator’ between the arms of anabolism and catabolism ...
Document
... maintained and no net carbon is lost. The cycle now enters the four-carbon stage during which two oxidation steps yield one FADH2 and one NADH per acetyl-CoA. In addition, GTP (a high-energy molecule equivalent to ATP) is produced from succinyl-CoA by substrate-level phosphorylation. Eventually oxal ...
... maintained and no net carbon is lost. The cycle now enters the four-carbon stage during which two oxidation steps yield one FADH2 and one NADH per acetyl-CoA. In addition, GTP (a high-energy molecule equivalent to ATP) is produced from succinyl-CoA by substrate-level phosphorylation. Eventually oxal ...
Study Guide - PEP 535 Exam#1
... What are the sources of proton buffering/utilization/removal in skeletal muscle? Is it correct to interpret lactate production as the cause of muscle acidosis? Why? Why does ATP hydrolysis release a proton? How would you explain the biochemistry of metabolic acidosis during exercise? What is the str ...
... What are the sources of proton buffering/utilization/removal in skeletal muscle? Is it correct to interpret lactate production as the cause of muscle acidosis? Why? Why does ATP hydrolysis release a proton? How would you explain the biochemistry of metabolic acidosis during exercise? What is the str ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. ...
... Several steps in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are redox reactions in which dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH. ...
SIB Fall 2010 Exam I
... Photosynthesis: light rxns. vs. dark rxns. Relationship between the two? basics of the light spectrum: 680 nm and 700 nm. What absorbed? What reflected? anatomy of a chloroplast what is in the reaction centers of the photosystems? In the antennae around the reaction centers? **remember NAD ...
... Photosynthesis: light rxns. vs. dark rxns. Relationship between the two? basics of the light spectrum: 680 nm and 700 nm. What absorbed? What reflected? anatomy of a chloroplast what is in the reaction centers of the photosystems? In the antennae around the reaction centers? **remember NAD ...
Cellular Respiration
... J. Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules 1. In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion 2. Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis. 3. The citric acid ...
... J. Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules 1. In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion 2. Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis. 3. The citric acid ...
AP Bio Fall Final Study Guide
... ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate it the form of energy used in our body. ADP- Adenosine Diphosphate the lack of the phosphate group removes one election making it contain no useable energy NADH- Think of these as buses (Thanks Mrs. Groch). They carry electrons on them to the ETC. FADH2- They are a differ ...
... ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate it the form of energy used in our body. ADP- Adenosine Diphosphate the lack of the phosphate group removes one election making it contain no useable energy NADH- Think of these as buses (Thanks Mrs. Groch). They carry electrons on them to the ETC. FADH2- They are a differ ...
Chapter 23
... Hydrolysis of Succinyl CoA - Energy from hydrolysis of succinyl CoA is used to add a phosphate group (Pi) to GDP (guanosine diphosphate). - The hydrolysis of GTP is used to add a Pi to ADP to produce ATP. GTP + ADP → GDP+ ATP ...
... Hydrolysis of Succinyl CoA - Energy from hydrolysis of succinyl CoA is used to add a phosphate group (Pi) to GDP (guanosine diphosphate). - The hydrolysis of GTP is used to add a Pi to ADP to produce ATP. GTP + ADP → GDP+ ATP ...
Ch 9 Cellular Respiration
... pathways that creates large amounts of energy If oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway ...
... pathways that creates large amounts of energy If oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway ...
Chapter 7
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
PL05_Glucdisp
... • No pathways in humans to make acetate into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors – Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA – No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened – Key watershed between carbohydrate and fat metabolism ...
... • No pathways in humans to make acetate into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors – Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA – No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened – Key watershed between carbohydrate and fat metabolism ...
Prolonged starvation
... Figure 2. Structures of important compounds having high-energy phosphate bonds. ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... Figure 2. Structures of important compounds having high-energy phosphate bonds. ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
Lecture 27
... intermediates or precursors to be metabolized to CO2, H2O, or for use in gluconeogenesis. Aminoacids are glucogenic, ketogenic or both. Glucogenic amino acids-carbon skeletons are broken down to pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate (glucose precursors). Ketogenic amino ...
... intermediates or precursors to be metabolized to CO2, H2O, or for use in gluconeogenesis. Aminoacids are glucogenic, ketogenic or both. Glucogenic amino acids-carbon skeletons are broken down to pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate (glucose precursors). Ketogenic amino ...
2. Glucogenic amino acids
... When glucose is not readily available (starvation or diabetes mellitus), the glucogenic amino acids are transaminated to corresponding carbon skeletons. These then enter the TCA cycle and form oxaloacetate or pyruvate. Alanine released from the muscle is the major substrate for gluconeogenesis. 3. G ...
... When glucose is not readily available (starvation or diabetes mellitus), the glucogenic amino acids are transaminated to corresponding carbon skeletons. These then enter the TCA cycle and form oxaloacetate or pyruvate. Alanine released from the muscle is the major substrate for gluconeogenesis. 3. G ...
Detailed Objectives
... B. Know which pathways are the primary sources of ATP, NADH, NADPH, acetyl-CoA, α-ketoacid intermediates, and nucleotide biosynthesis precursors. C. Know the names and structures of the important intermediates that directly link these pathways. terminology: ...
... B. Know which pathways are the primary sources of ATP, NADH, NADPH, acetyl-CoA, α-ketoacid intermediates, and nucleotide biosynthesis precursors. C. Know the names and structures of the important intermediates that directly link these pathways. terminology: ...
AP BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET MRS TERHUNE
... - Endomembrane system (organelles involved) - Know the major components of the cell membrane - Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Endosymbiotic theory and evolution - Cell signaling (overview of signal transduction pathway) - Importance of phosphorylation cascade in STP ...
... - Endomembrane system (organelles involved) - Know the major components of the cell membrane - Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Endosymbiotic theory and evolution - Cell signaling (overview of signal transduction pathway) - Importance of phosphorylation cascade in STP ...
Exam #2 BMB 514 – Medical Biochemistry 10/10/11
... 28) Which of the following statements is correct? A) Triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids are synthesized by branches from a common intermediate. B) ATP is used for activation in the salvage pathway of phospholipid synthesis. C) Serine is a source used to create the backbone of phospholipids and ...
... 28) Which of the following statements is correct? A) Triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids are synthesized by branches from a common intermediate. B) ATP is used for activation in the salvage pathway of phospholipid synthesis. C) Serine is a source used to create the backbone of phospholipids and ...
PhotosynthesisCalvin Cycle
... mesophyll. There are no chloroplasts in the bundle sheath cells. C4 photosynthesis includes the light reaction, the Calvin cycle and the Hatch-Slack pathway. These C4 plants also have a different anatomy. This Hatch-Slack pathway is able to deliver dwindling supplies of CO 2 when the stomates are cl ...
... mesophyll. There are no chloroplasts in the bundle sheath cells. C4 photosynthesis includes the light reaction, the Calvin cycle and the Hatch-Slack pathway. These C4 plants also have a different anatomy. This Hatch-Slack pathway is able to deliver dwindling supplies of CO 2 when the stomates are cl ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.