Download Exam #2

BI 200 - Exam #2A
Spring 2001
Name
Lab Section
Disclaimer
Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice).
You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit,
you may receive partial or full credit.
1. Which of the following organisms is a photosynthetic archaea?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Oscillatoria
Chromatium
Euglena
Halobacterium
2. Which of the following phototrophs make ATP via ATPase?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Archaea
Anoxygenic
Oxygenic
All of the above
None of the above
3. Which pigment is associated with archaean photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Bacteriorhodopsin
Chlorophyll
Carotenoid
Phycobillins
4. The external electron donor for the reduction of NADP to NADPH in the green sulfur
bacteria is
a.
b.
c.
d.
H2O
H2SO4
H2
H2S
5. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is also known as
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cyclic photosynthesis
Non-cyclic photosynthesis
Photosystem I
Gametogenesis
6. Chlorophyll structure includes all of the following except
a.
b.
c.
d.
Polypeptide
Phytol
Magnesium
Tetrapyrole ring structure
7. The highly folded inner membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are called
a.
b.
c.
d.
thyllakoid membranes
stroma
the matrix
lamellae
8. Cytochrome structure includes all of the following except
a.
b.
c.
d.
Polypeptide
Phytol
Iron
Tetrapyrole ring structure
9. Cyanobacteria form what differentiated cell type to carry out nitrogen fixation
a.
b.
c.
d.
spores
heterocysts
stromatolites
carboxysomes
10. How many quanta, or units of light energy must be absorbed for oxygenic
photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
zero
one
two
three
11. Which of the following is not an energy requirement for a microorganism?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
biosynthesis
active transport
motility
none of the above – all are requirements
a, b, and c, - none of them are requirements
12. Anabolism is synonymous with
a.
b.
c.
d.
catabolism
metabolism
biosynthesis
parasitism
13. Which of the following is not a high-energy intermediate of glycolysis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
phophoenolpyruvate
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
succinyl-CoA
all of the above – none occur in glycolysis
a, b,c – none are high energy intermediates
14. ATPase enzymes may be found in which of the following types of membranes?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
eubacterial membranes
archaebacterial membranes
inner membranes of chloroplasts
inner membranes of mitochondria
any or all of the above
15. The net result of proton extrusion through the membrane is:
(a) acidification of the cytoplasm
(b) acidification of the medium outside the membrane
(c) a net formation of OH- inside the membrane
(d) energization of the membrane
(e) (b), (c), and (d)
16. Anaerobic respiratory bacteria differ from humans and other aerobic respiratory
organisms
a.
b.
c.
d.
in their substrate oxidizing pathways
in their electron transport chains
because they don’t form proton gradients
because they don’t contain the enzyme ATPase
17. Cofactor F420 occurs in
a.
b.
c.
d.
fermentative yeast
fluorescent methanogens
denitrifying bacteria
iron-oxidizing bacteria
18. Rusticyanin occurs in
a.
b.
c.
d.
fermentative yeast
fluorescent methanogens
denitrifying bacteria
iron-oxidizing bacteria
19. Litohtrophic bacteria differ from humans and other aerobic respiratory organisms
a.
b.
c.
d.
in their substrate oxidizing pathways
in their electron transport chains
because they don’t form proton gradients
because they don’t contain the enzyme ATPase
20. The following carry out the detrimental activity where nitrate is depleted from soil
a.
b.
c.
d.
denitrifying bacteria
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
nitrifying bacteria
enteric bacteria
Everyone receives 10 free points!
Problems – 10-20 points each. Individual point breakdowns are in parentheses.
(4) Yogurt is produced by fermenting milk sugar (lactose) to milk acid (lactic acid). The
process is energetically favorable. Make an energy diagram indicating the reactants, the
products, and the relative amounts of energy in the products and reactants. Indicate any
other energy requirement for the reaction to proceed. Answer the questions related to the
diagram.
Energy
Time
Questions
(1) Is G less than, greater than or equal to zero?
(1) What are the units used to measure the amount of energy?
(1 each) If enzymes are used to carryout the process, will they influence a.) the rate of
the reaction, b.) the overall change in energy, and c.) the activation energy? Give a yes or
no answer for each.
a.)
b.)
c.)
(1) Why are there less calories in one cup of yogurt than one cup of milk? Hint:
Calories are a measure of chemical bond energy. Where do the calories go?
(2) Give the functional definition of a redox reaction as given in class –
(0.66 each) Give the average oxidation state of the carbon atoms in each of the following
molecules.
Lactic acid
C3H6O3
Formic acid
HCOOH
Benzene
C6H6
(1) Which of those would make the best fuel?
(0.66 each) Indicate if each of these couples is written in the correct order of members.
CO2/ CH4
H2S/ SO42-
Fe3+/Fe3+
(3) If the midpoint potentials of those couples are –0.40 V, -0.22 V, and +0.78 V
respectively, which organism could get more energy for growth, organism A that oxidizes
methane and reduces sulfate, or organism B that oxidizes hydrogen sulfide and reduces
iron? Justify your answer in terms of volts. It may be useful to diagram the electron
transfer between couples for each.
Organism A
Organism B
Consider Mars - Its atmosphere is almost entirely CO2 gas, with some N2 gas. Its surface
is mostly Iron oxides with an abundance of Fe3+. The ice caps are mostly ice (H2O) and
dry ice (CO2). Reduced forms of many elements - C, S, N, H, metals, etc. are completely
missing. Preexisting organic compounds, combined forms of N-compounds, and nitrate
(as in fertilizers) are also absent. Assuming the temperature could be raised to make
water available for life, consider the prospects for life there.
(1) If you were to anticipate what kinds of life might succeed on mars would it be
chemotrophic or phototrophic?
(1) Would it be autotrophic or heterotrophic?
(1) If photosynthesis were to occur, would it more likely be oxygenic or anoxygenic?
Consider what electron donors are available.
(1) If chemotrophic growth were to occur would it be anaerobic or aerobic?
a.)
b.)
(1) What process would make combined nitrogen in the form of amino acids available
from the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere?
Evaluate the following organisms for their prospects for surviving in the Martian
environment (again disregard the temperature effects). Rate them as having a good
chance, some chance, and no chance for life. Address their ability to get energy, carbon
for biosynthesis, and nitrogen for synthesizing amino acids and other N-containing
compounds.
(3) Human beings
(3) Yeast
(3) Iron-reducing bacterium
(3) A purple sulfur bacterium
(3) Cyanobacteria
Evaluate the following organisms for their prospects for surviving in the Martian
environment (again disregard the temperature effects). Rate them as having a good
chance, some chance, and no chance for life. Address their ability to get energy, carbon
for biosynthesis, and nitrogen for synthesizing amino acids and other N-containing
compounds.
(3) Fertilizer-dependent corn
(3) Yeast
(3) Iron-reducing bacterium
(3) A sulfur-oxidizing lithotrophic bacterium
(3) Cyanobacteria
Matching. Place the name of one of the
microbes on the right that fits the
description. You may use a name more
than once, but place only one answer in
each – no multiple guesses.
n. _____________________________
Your favorite microbe
a. _____________________________
Any obligate aerobe
Alcalignenes
Anabena
Aquaspirillum
Aquifex
Bacillus
Beggiatoa
Chlamydomonas
Chlorobium
Chloroflexus
Chromatium
Clostridium
Desulfovibrio
Escherichia
Gallionella
Geobacter
Halobacterium
Hydrogenobacter
Lactobacillus
Leptothrix
Methanosarcina
Navicula
Nitrobacter
Nitrosomonas
Oscillatoria
Paracoccus
Pseudomonas
Rhodospirillum
Rhodopseudomonas
Saccharomyces
Shewanella
Spirogyra
Streptococcus
Sulfolobus
Synechococcus
Thiobacillus
Volvox
Zymomonas
b. _____________________________
Any lactic acid fermenter
c. _____________________________
Any lithotroph
d. _____________________________
Any archea
e. _____________________________
Any anoxygenic phototroph
f. _____________________________
Any purple or purple non-sulfur
anoxygenic phototroph
g. _____________________________
Reduces nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-)
h. _____________________________
Oxidizes ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2-)
i. _____________________________
Reduces sulfate (SO42-) to sulfide (H2S)
j. _____________________________
Reduces ferric iron
k. _____________________________
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
l. _____________________________
Any eukaryote
m. _____________________________
Any cyanobacterium
o. _____________________________
Your least favorite microbe
Matching. Place the name of one of the
microbes on the right that fits the
description. You may use a name more
than once, but place only one answer in
each – no multiple guesses.
m. _____________________________
Any eukaryotic algae
a. _____________________________
Any obligate anaerobe
o. _____________________________
Your least favorite microbe
b. _____________________________
Any ethanol fermenter
Alcalignenes
Anabena
Aquaspirillum
Aquifex
Bacillus
Beggiatoa
Chlamydomonas
Chlorobium
Chloroflexus
Chromatium
Clostridium
Desulfovibrio
Escherichia
Gallionella
Geobacter
Halobacterium
Hydrogenobacter
Lactobacillus
Leptothrix
Methanosarcina
Navicula
Nitrobacter
Nitrosomonas
Oscillatoria
Paracoccus
Pseudomonas
Rhodospirillum
Rhodopseudomonas
Saccharomyces
Shewanella
Spirogyra
Streptococcus
Sulfolobus
Synechococcus
Thiobacillus
Volvox
Zymomonas
c. _____________________________
Any lithotroph
d. _____________________________
Any eukaryote
e. _____________________________
Any oxygenic phototroph
f. _____________________________
Any green or green non-sulfur
anoxygenic phototroph
g. _____________________________
Reduces nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrogen gas
(N2)
h. _____________________________
Oxidizes nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-)
i. _____________________________
Reduces carbonate (CO2) to methane
(CH4)
j. _____________________________
Reduces ferric iron
k. _____________________________
Iron-oxidizing bacteria
l. _____________________________
Any eukaryote
n. _____________________________
Your favorite microbe
Fill in the empty boxes for these familiar pathways. (1 point each).
Trait or Characteristic
Glycolysis
Pyruvate, NAD+, FAD+
Substrates
Products
Ethanol Fermentation
(reduction only)
Pyruvate, NADH
Pyruvate, NADH, ATP
O2: consumed,
produced, both or
neither?
Sunlight, ADP
ATP
Neither consumed or
produced
Mode of ATP formation
(SLP, ETP, both, or
none?)
Representative
Cytoplasm of
organisms or cellular
Chemoorganotrophs
localization in eukaryote Animals, Plants,
Protozoa, Bacteria
Key Enzymes or
Intermediates
Coenzyme A, Citric
Acid, Succinyl-CoA,
Dehydrogenase
Enzymes
.
Rhodospirillum,
Chromatium,
Chlorobium,
Chloroflexus
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
RC Bacteriochlorophyll,
Carotenoid,
Ubiquinone,
Cytochrome bc
Fill in the empty boxes for these familiar pathways. (1 point each).
Trait or Characteristic
Electron Transport
Chain of Aerobic
Respiration
Substrates
Glucose, ADP, NAD+
Products
Pyruvate, NADH, ATP
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
(reduction only)
Pyruvate, NADH
H2O, NAD+
Sunlight, ADP, H2O
ATP, O2
O2: consumed,
produced, both or
neither?
Oxygen produced
Mode of ATP formation
(SLP, ETP, both, or
none?)
Representative
organisms or cellular
localization in eukaryote
Key Enzymes or
Intermediates
Cytoplasm of
Chemoorganotrophs
Animals, Plants,
Protozoa, Bacteria
Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus
NADH Dehydrogenase,
Flavoproteins,
Cytochromes,
Ubiquinone.
Chlorophyll,
Carotenoids,
Cytochrome f,
Plastoquinone