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Cellular Respiration Biology G/T Why do we need Cellular Respiration? If we released all of the energy from glucose all at once, so much heat would be released that we would explode or at least denature all of our proteins. Cellular Respiration Overview Taking the high energy electrons out of sugar and releasing the energy from the electrons in small steps and using that energy to make ATP After the energy is released from the electrons, they are returned along with the protons (H+) to oxygen making water ATP ATP Release Energy To do work From glucose ADP Use Energy in ATP to do work Work in living things: Intra-cellular Transport Chemical reactions Muscle Contraction Active Transport, Endo and Exocytosis Mitochondria Structure e.t.c. Enzymes (Krebs), DNA, RNA, ribosomes Overview of the reactions Overview of the reactions Glycolysis With oxygen Chemical reaction to make acetate (mitochontrial matrix) Aerobic Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix) Cytoplasm Anaerobic Without oxygen Electron Transport Chain (inner-mitochondrial membrane) 38 Fermentation Cytoplasm Still Anaerobic 2 ATP Glycolysis: first step of cellular respiration Glucose Pyruvate Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 carriers with H and it’s high energy electrons Fermentation Pyruvates (2 of them) Yeast Cell Alcohol + CO2 Animal Cell Lactic Acid All are waste products, so most of the energy stored in the sugar ends up not getting used by the organism Anerobic Activities No activity can be totally anaerobic and be compatible with life – it just means you can’t get enough Oxygen to stay totally aerobic (your need for ATP is greater than you can supply the oxygen for) Anaerobic activities include anything that makes you breathe excessively heavy – sign you’re not getting enough oxygen Sprinting, swimming really fast, biking really fast, etc., lifting really heavy weights You will make lactic acid and run out of ATP – can’t keep going for very long You only make 2 ATP vs. 38 ATP when you do anaerobic CR Making Wine and Bread Yeast using the sugar provided by grapes or flour and added sugar to do cellular respiration Sugar diffuses into yeast cells, if not enough oxygen, do some aerobic and some anaerobic respiration As a result of anaerobic, they make alcohol and CO2 In wine, CO2 evaporates and left with alcohol in the grape juice In bread, baking the bread makes the CO2 and alcohol evaporate leaving behind holes where CO2 was making the bread fluffy No Name Step (first step in mitochondrial matrix – aerobic) CO2 released and H with its high energy electrons get put on a carrier Pyruvate Acetate (still contains most of high energy electrons) + Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA The Kreb’s Cycle: Series of Chemical Reactions in Mitochondrial Matrix Acetate gets broken down to 2 CO2 and all 4 of the H with their high ENERGY electrons get put onto carriers X2 2 ATP’s are made For each glucose, there are 2 acetates! Electron Transport Chain Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane Electron Transport Chain – series of carriers – each one more electronegative (attracted to electrons) than the previous one As the electrons are passed from carrier to carrier – they are pulled closer to the atomic nucleus which causes them to lose energy The energy is lost a little bit at a time Steps of the E.T.C. STEP 1: the electron carriers that picked up electrons in glycolysis, no name step, and the Kreb’s cycle pass their electrons to the first molecule of the electron transport chain STEP 2: with each successive pass to other carriers, the electrons lose energy STEP 3: The energy lost by the electrons is used to make ATP’s (34/ glucose) STEP 4: The Hydrogens and their electrons which now have the normal amount of energy (lost the extra absorbed by the sun during the e.t.c) combine with oxygen to form water. There isn’t a big energy change all at once so there is no explosion just the loss of a reasonable amount of heat Summary Break the sugar apart back into CO2 and H which combine with O to make H2O The excess energy stored in the electrons of H is slowly released and used to make ATP before they combine with the O Therefore, the energy that came from the sun and was stored in the organic molecule sugar, is now temporarily stored in ATP until the energy is used to transfer the last phosphate to a motor protein, muscle protein, or substrate to do work How to use Fat and Protein for Energy Each fatty acid is broken up and rearranged to form many acetates which enter the Kreb’s Cycle Amino acids contain very few C-H bonds but the amino and acid groups can be clipped off, and the rest can also be rearranged to enter glycolysis or the Kreb’s Cycle