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BIOMOLECULE NOTES 1. BIOMOLECULE a. aka – organic compounds b. bio = life, molecule = group of atoms c. all contain carbon 2. CARBOHYDRATES a. Made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen b. simple molecules called monosaccharides i. Such as glucose (sugar made by animals that gives them energy) & fructose (sugar from fruit & honey) c. Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharides combined i. Such as: glucose + fructose = sucrose – table sugar d. Polysaccharide = 3+ monosaccharides combined i. Such as: starch (used in food storage for plants), glycogen (food stored in the liver of animals) & cellulose (forms the cell walls in plants to give them structural support) 3. LIPIDS a. Insoluble in water b/c they are nonpolar (no charge) molecules b. commonly called fats & oils c. Store energy, insulate & protect d. Most contain fatty acids – molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic head e. Cell membranes are composed of lipid bilayers – where the tails of fatty acids point towards each other & the heads point outward creating a barrier b/t the outside & inside of the cell f. Examples: Triglycerides = butter, waxes = waterproof coatings, steroids = testosterone & cholesterol 4. PROTEINS a. Made of amino acids b. There are 20 different amino acids c. The sequence of amino acids determines the proteins shape & function d. Polypeptide = long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds e. provide structure for tissues & organs f. carry out cell metabolism g. examples: egg whites, enzymes 5. NUCLEIC ACIDS a. Large, complex molecules b. Store & transfer info in a cell c. DNA = (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all genetic info for cell activities d. RNA = (ribonucleic acid) helps build proteins & can act as an enzyme e. Made of nucleotides = phosphate group bonded to a five carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen base