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... Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 through the enzymatic reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The redox equation for this process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O ΔG°’ = -2823 kJ.mol-1 Which can be represented by two half re ...
... Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 through the enzymatic reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The redox equation for this process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O ΔG°’ = -2823 kJ.mol-1 Which can be represented by two half re ...
Bacteria & Archaea Prokaryote
... • Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells – Both cells have identical sets of DNA – Less genetic diversity ...
... • Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells – Both cells have identical sets of DNA – Less genetic diversity ...
Cellular Respiration Concept Questions
... 18. After a heart attack, small amounts of lactic acid can be found in heart muscle cells. What does this evidence suggest about the nature of a heart attack? 19. Complete the chart below: Aerobic Respiration ...
... 18. After a heart attack, small amounts of lactic acid can be found in heart muscle cells. What does this evidence suggest about the nature of a heart attack? 19. Complete the chart below: Aerobic Respiration ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation
... is a multistep sequence of reactions in which the product of one reaction serves as the substrate of the subsequent reaction Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (may be with help of a coenzyme) A B C D E F G ...
... is a multistep sequence of reactions in which the product of one reaction serves as the substrate of the subsequent reaction Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (may be with help of a coenzyme) A B C D E F G ...
Chapter 3 Extra Questions
... 16. What is meant by the term nutrient sink? Name two sinks for carbon and two sinks for nitrogen. 17. Bacteria are key participants in the carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. Briefly describe the role of bacteria in each. 18. Briefly explain how the production of dimethyl sulfide can support ...
... 16. What is meant by the term nutrient sink? Name two sinks for carbon and two sinks for nitrogen. 17. Bacteria are key participants in the carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. Briefly describe the role of bacteria in each. 18. Briefly explain how the production of dimethyl sulfide can support ...
general biology syllabus
... C) Coupled channels: active transport followed by facilitated diffusion 1) Proton pump (proton = H+) a) In photosynthesis and cellular respiration, high-energy e– power first transport protein in active transport of H+ through membrane b) As H+ passes through second membrane protein (passive transpo ...
... C) Coupled channels: active transport followed by facilitated diffusion 1) Proton pump (proton = H+) a) In photosynthesis and cellular respiration, high-energy e– power first transport protein in active transport of H+ through membrane b) As H+ passes through second membrane protein (passive transpo ...
Substrate and oxidative phosphorylation
... creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. While technically the transfer is PO3, or a phosphoryl group, convention in biological sciences is to refer to this as the transfer of ...
... creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. While technically the transfer is PO3, or a phosphoryl group, convention in biological sciences is to refer to this as the transfer of ...
The Process of Cellular Respiration
... • Occurs if oxygen is NOT present: anaerobic • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not • But there must be a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons • Since NADH can not transfer electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain, the electrons are transferred to pyruvate i ...
... • Occurs if oxygen is NOT present: anaerobic • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not • But there must be a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons • Since NADH can not transfer electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain, the electrons are transferred to pyruvate i ...
NOTES: 9.1-9.2 - Cellular Respiration
... ● The KREBS CYCLE breaks the bonds of pyruvate; high-energy electrons are ...
... ● The KREBS CYCLE breaks the bonds of pyruvate; high-energy electrons are ...
Oxidation – a molecule loses electrons
... a. All of the NADH and FADH2 molecules created in glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle become oxidized (lose their e-, therefore recycled back to NAD+ and FAD) to the proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. While the electrons are passed from protein to protein, energy is released that i ...
... a. All of the NADH and FADH2 molecules created in glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle become oxidized (lose their e-, therefore recycled back to NAD+ and FAD) to the proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. While the electrons are passed from protein to protein, energy is released that i ...
Unit 1: Biology Review
... foreign matter, toxic substances and dead cell parts, and break them down to be exported. - Centrioles are essential in cell division (mitosis and meiosis). - Cytoplasm is everything else in the cell (not organelles). Cell Respiration: - C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy - The energy is stored in ...
... foreign matter, toxic substances and dead cell parts, and break them down to be exported. - Centrioles are essential in cell division (mitosis and meiosis). - Cytoplasm is everything else in the cell (not organelles). Cell Respiration: - C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy - The energy is stored in ...
Unicellular Organisms
... Unicellular organisms perform the same life processes as multicellular organisms. Individually, these cells can only be seen using a microscope. For this reason, unicellular organisms are often called “micro-organisms.” Even when found in large groups, such as bacterial colonies, each cell displays ...
... Unicellular organisms perform the same life processes as multicellular organisms. Individually, these cells can only be seen using a microscope. For this reason, unicellular organisms are often called “micro-organisms.” Even when found in large groups, such as bacterial colonies, each cell displays ...
Cellular Respiration notes
... Electron Transport Chain • The electron transport chain is a series of chemical reactions ending with hydrogen combining with oxygen to form water. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product as it is formed in several stages of the Krebs cycle. • Each reaction produces a small amount of energy, ...
... Electron Transport Chain • The electron transport chain is a series of chemical reactions ending with hydrogen combining with oxygen to form water. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product as it is formed in several stages of the Krebs cycle. • Each reaction produces a small amount of energy, ...
File
... composed of interconnected carbon rings Most common steroid is cholesterol Used to create sex hormones, hormones from the adrenal cortex, and vitamin D Found in large amounts in nerve tissue Component of gallstones ...
... composed of interconnected carbon rings Most common steroid is cholesterol Used to create sex hormones, hormones from the adrenal cortex, and vitamin D Found in large amounts in nerve tissue Component of gallstones ...
Autotrophs Primary Producers
... • Most important are nanoplankton or smaller Cyanobacteria • Also call blue-green algae • Most less than 5 µm • Procaryotic with few membrane bound organelles • Abundant in intertidal and estuarine • Typically benthic • In some, population blooms – Oscillatoria causes red for Red Sea • May aggregate ...
... • Most important are nanoplankton or smaller Cyanobacteria • Also call blue-green algae • Most less than 5 µm • Procaryotic with few membrane bound organelles • Abundant in intertidal and estuarine • Typically benthic • In some, population blooms – Oscillatoria causes red for Red Sea • May aggregate ...
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration I. Respiration
... 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail III. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. A. The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. 1. two ATP molecules are used to split glucose 2. four ATP molecules are produced 3. two molecules of NADH produced 4. two mol ...
... 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail III. Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. A. The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. 1. two ATP molecules are used to split glucose 2. four ATP molecules are produced 3. two molecules of NADH produced 4. two mol ...
use cellular respiration
... 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP ...
... 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP ...
Science 9 Environmental Chemistry Chemicals in the Environment
... the energy in an ecosystem, chemicals must be through living organisms and their environment. Nitrogen, and are the most important elements recycled through organisms and their environment The Nitrogen Cycle: Free nitrogen is converted ( ) to form nitrogen compounds which are then available to p ...
... the energy in an ecosystem, chemicals must be through living organisms and their environment. Nitrogen, and are the most important elements recycled through organisms and their environment The Nitrogen Cycle: Free nitrogen is converted ( ) to form nitrogen compounds which are then available to p ...
The Living World
... Interaction between organisms is critical for evolution Social behavior occurs when organisms of the same species live in direct contact Community dynamics occur when organisms of different species live in direct contact (Competition, Predation, Symbiosis) ...
... Interaction between organisms is critical for evolution Social behavior occurs when organisms of the same species live in direct contact Community dynamics occur when organisms of different species live in direct contact (Competition, Predation, Symbiosis) ...
Multiple Choice Review- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... b. NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain c. Starts with glucose d. Carried out by yeast 11. In which stage of aerobic cellular respiration is glucose broken down into two molecules of pyruvate? a. Oxidative Phosphorylation b. Citric Acid Cycle c. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex d. Gl ...
... b. NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain c. Starts with glucose d. Carried out by yeast 11. In which stage of aerobic cellular respiration is glucose broken down into two molecules of pyruvate? a. Oxidative Phosphorylation b. Citric Acid Cycle c. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex d. Gl ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)