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AP Environmental Science Chapter 3: Ecosystems Miller, 16th ed. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS. Reminder: NOTE: It is necessary to review some textbook supplements in the back of the book for mastery of this chapter:(DNA, Amino Acids, ATP, Calvin Cycle, Photosynthesis) 1. Draw a flow chart to represent the organizational relationships between the following terms: ecosystem, population, species, community, and biosphere. 2. Define entropy and briefly explain how it relates to the continual energy needs of organisms. 3. Compare and contrast the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Be sure to include balanced chemical equations as part of your answer. 4. Explain how the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applicable to the study of ecosystems and energy. 5. Define and briefly explain the value or application of an energy flow pyramid (a/k/a ecological pyramid). Draw sketches of two ecological pyramids and briefly explain how they are different. Use quantitative units to support your answer. 6. Compare and contrast decomposer and detritivore and provide two examples. Which category do these organisms belong in based on their means of obtaining nourishment? 7. Discuss the contributions of saprotrophs, detritivores, and autotrophs to a balanced ecosystem. Identify three representatives of each group in your discussion. 8. Compare and contrast the following terms: food chain and food web. 9. Briefly explain the meaning of the following: “fishing (eating) down the food chain provides the most energy.” 13. What are the FIVE major steps of the Nitrogen cycle? You must include the names of major compounds and chemical formulas involved in each step. 14. List and briefly explain three ways in which human activities are impacting the carbon cycle. 15. Identify the biotic components of each of the following nutrient cycles: carbon,phosphorous, sulfur. 16. What is meant by the term nutrient sink? Name two sinks for carbon and two sinks for nitrogen. 17. Bacteria are key participants in the carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. Briefly describe the role of bacteria in each. 18. Briefly explain how the production of dimethyl sulfide can support the Gaia Hypothesis (Hint: For every reaction that affects Earth in one way, there is an opposite reaction in another). 19. How do humans fix nitrogen for commercial fertilizers (name the process and reactants/products)? Explain with at least four sentences the process in which legumes aid in fixing nitrogen. 20. Legumes ultimately aid in nitrogen fixation on land. How is nitrogen fixed in aquatic ecosystems? SAMPLE FREE RESPONSE QUESTION FROM THE AUTHORS AT THE AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN LOS ANGLELES: 21. The Crop Production Services Company creates a fertilizer that contains 10% (w/v) of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. (a) Choose either nitrogen or carbon and clearly explain the biogeochemical cycle of that nutrient. Include all the important steps in the cycle and indicate the movement from the atmosphere, water, and soil where necessary. (b) Agricultural runoff from over application of fertilizers is a major source of water pollution. Choose either nitrogen or phosphorous and fill explain the cause and effect of this excess on the aquatic ecosystem. (c) Rather than rely on the application of fertilizers, current agricultural research is encouraging the practice of more conservationminded farming. Name and explain one such environmental practice that can decrease dependence on human-applied nutrients without causing a significant decrease in crop yield.