* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File
Survey
Document related concepts
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Gaseous signaling molecules wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chemistry, Matter, & Life Elements Approximately 116 known elements Only 21 are needed by living things Oxygen Most abundant element in humans 65% of body mass Needed for metabolism Component of water Found in most organic substances Carbon 18.5% of human body mass Component of all organic compounds Hydrogen 9.5% of human body mass Present in most organic compounds Component of water Other Essential Elements Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Trace Elements Manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, iodine, molybdenum Used for such things as: metabolism, hormones, bones, hemoglobin, enzymes Table 2-1 Atom Structure Ionic Bonds Important Ions Sodium Potassium Bicarbonate Table 2-2 Electrolytes Ions that appear when substances dissociate in solution Important in maintaining homeostasis Generate electrical currents that can be detected and recorded Electrocardiogram (EKG) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Covalent Bonds Acids, Bases, & pH Scale pH Fluctuations Normal pH is 7.35-7.45 Alkalosis – too basic (7.5-7.8) Acidosis – too acidic (7.0-7.3) Acidosis Respiratory acidosis Too much carbon dioxide is present Chest deformities/injuries Lung disease/injury Metabolic acidosis Too much acid is produced or the kidneys cannot remove enough Diabetes Severe diarrhea Alcohol, cancer, vigorous exercise, liver disease Alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Low carbon dioxide levels High altitude Lung disease Lack of oxygen Salicylate poisoning Metabolic alkalosis Prolonged vomiting Certain medications Buffer Solution that resists change in pH regardless of the acid or base added Buffer solutions consist of a weak acid and a salt of that weak acid Used to maintain homeostasis Carbonic Acid Buffering System When acid is added: HCl + NaHCO3 H2CO3 + NaCl acid buffer salt weak acid salt When base is added: NaOH + H2CO3 NaHCO3 + H2O base buffer acid buffer salt water Biomolecules Organic compounds are those that contain carbon (with a few exceptions) Four major categories of biomolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 Used for: ENERGY Structure of cell components, including cell membranes Reserve supply of energy Monosaccharides Simple sugar Glucose Galactose Fructose Deoxyribose Ribose Dissaccharides Double sugar Two monosaccharides are joined Created through process of dehydration synthesis (condensation); one molecule of water is lost Sucrose Maltose Lactose Dehydration Synthesis The reverse of this reaction is hydrolysis Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides linked together Starch Cellulose Glycogen Lipids Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Has many more hydrogen than oxygen Ex] CH3(CH2)24CO2-(CH2)29CH3 Divided into: fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids Fats (Triglycerides) Used as energy source and energy storage Provide protection, padding, and insulation Created by combining three fatty acid groups with one glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Saturated fats Mostly animal fats Solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats Vegetable oils Liquid at room temperature Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Phospholipids Composed of glycerol and fatty acids, but also contain a phosphate group Component of cell membranes Abundant in nerve and muscle cells Steroids Similar in composition to lipids, but structurally composed of interconnected carbon rings Most common steroid is cholesterol Used to create sex hormones, hormones from the adrenal cortex, and vitamin D Found in large amounts in nerve tissue Component of gallstones Cholesterol Proteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Most also contain sulfur Some have phosphorus Building blocks are amino acids Amino Acids There are 20 amino acids that are known to be used to create proteins Humans can only make 10 of those The other 10 must be taken in through diet essential Structure of AminoAcids -COOH is a carboxyl group -NH2 is an amino group -R represents differences in base molecule of each amino acid Function of Proteins Structural component of cells and tissues Antibodies Muscle contraction Identification markers for cells Energy source Transport oxygen Enzymes Enzymes Modified proteins that lower activation energy required to start a reaction Enzymes only work on specific substrates Never consumed or changed in a reaction Often recognized by the –ase ending Lock & Key Model Factors That Affect Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein Denatured by: Heat Radiation Electricity pH values Certain chemicals Diseases of Enzyme Deficiency Tay Sachs Phenylketonuria Lactose intolerance Gaucher’s Fabry’s Nucleic Acids Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Building blocks are nucleotides Nucleotides join through the process of dehydration synthesis to create larger molecules Two types of nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DNA Composed of deoxyribose and the bases thymine, guanine, cytosine, and adenine Serves as genetic material for cell RNA Composed of ribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil Assists with protein synthesis Adenosine Triphosphate Molecule used in all living things to store and provide energy