Solutions for Biochemistry Unit Exam
... It is believed that prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen. The first cells were anaerobic and likely absorbed free organic compounds from the primordial seas. At some point, free organic compounds were limiting, and cells needed a way to produce them. Photosynthetic organisms used H2S ...
... It is believed that prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen. The first cells were anaerobic and likely absorbed free organic compounds from the primordial seas. At some point, free organic compounds were limiting, and cells needed a way to produce them. Photosynthetic organisms used H2S ...
1 Which of the following are the smallest cells? A) human ovum B
... 16 Choose the organelle that consists of microtubules and functions both in distributing chromosomes during cell division and in forming portions of cilia and flagella. A) ...
... 16 Choose the organelle that consists of microtubules and functions both in distributing chromosomes during cell division and in forming portions of cilia and flagella. A) ...
AP Biology
... 2. Two separate reactions use two ATP. 3. Glucose, a C6 molecule, splits into two C3 molecules, each with a phosphate group. C. Energy Harvesting Steps ...
... 2. Two separate reactions use two ATP. 3. Glucose, a C6 molecule, splits into two C3 molecules, each with a phosphate group. C. Energy Harvesting Steps ...
BCOR 11 Exploring Biology
... D) fermentation; NAD+ reduction E) diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis 23) The most direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is A) oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. B) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochond ...
... D) fermentation; NAD+ reduction E) diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis 23) The most direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is A) oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. B) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochond ...
Test # 1
... Concerning the biosynthesis of urea by mammalian liver, each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT A. The first nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle does so in the form of carbamoyl phosphate. B. The second nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle is supplied by the amino group of aspartate. C ...
... Concerning the biosynthesis of urea by mammalian liver, each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT A. The first nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle does so in the form of carbamoyl phosphate. B. The second nitrogen atom entering the urea cycle is supplied by the amino group of aspartate. C ...
Unit 1 Page 1 Unit Vocabulary Terms Carbohydrate
... Unit 1 Page 1 Unit Vocabulary Terms ● Carbohydrate - A group that includes sugar and starch that is used for energy or structure; can be small molecules (monosaccharides or disaccharides) or large molecules (polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.) ● Proteins - A three-dimensional biological m ...
... Unit 1 Page 1 Unit Vocabulary Terms ● Carbohydrate - A group that includes sugar and starch that is used for energy or structure; can be small molecules (monosaccharides or disaccharides) or large molecules (polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.) ● Proteins - A three-dimensional biological m ...
Stryer An overview of the citric acid cycle
... Origin of mitochondria: the endosymbiont hypothesis The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • ...
... Origin of mitochondria: the endosymbiont hypothesis The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • ...
AP BIOLOGY – CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration Outline
... 7. Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced. 8. Buildup of ATP is an endergonic reaction that requires energy. 9. Pathways of aerobic respiration allow energy in glucose to be released slowly; ATP is produced gradually. 10. Rapid breakdown of glucose would lose most energy as non-usable heat. 11. Break ...
... 7. Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced. 8. Buildup of ATP is an endergonic reaction that requires energy. 9. Pathways of aerobic respiration allow energy in glucose to be released slowly; ATP is produced gradually. 10. Rapid breakdown of glucose would lose most energy as non-usable heat. 11. Break ...
Document
... insulin does not enter cells—it (like glucagon) binds to its receptor and various signals are transmitted into the cell (i.e., signal transduction), which results in various responses (induction of genes; stimulation of enzymes; translocation of GLUT4); some of these responses occur in all cells, so ...
... insulin does not enter cells—it (like glucagon) binds to its receptor and various signals are transmitted into the cell (i.e., signal transduction), which results in various responses (induction of genes; stimulation of enzymes; translocation of GLUT4); some of these responses occur in all cells, so ...
Fermentation Milos Babic Abstract Fermentation is the process many
... order to replenish NAD+ expended during glycolysis. In one type of fermentation, this is accomplished through conversion of pyruvic acid into CO2 and ethanol. We have examined the process by allowing yeast to ferment glucose, and analyzing the products. Using Benedict’s reagent and Ba(OH)2 test for ...
... order to replenish NAD+ expended during glycolysis. In one type of fermentation, this is accomplished through conversion of pyruvic acid into CO2 and ethanol. We have examined the process by allowing yeast to ferment glucose, and analyzing the products. Using Benedict’s reagent and Ba(OH)2 test for ...
1. Substrate level phosphorylation A) is part
... C) catalyzes the production of PEP D) adds CO2 to OAA using biotin ...
... C) catalyzes the production of PEP D) adds CO2 to OAA using biotin ...
Cell Respiration - Biology Junction
... 5. Glucose is a high-energy molecule; CO2 and H2O are low-energy molecules; cellular respiration is thus exergonic because it releases energy. 6. Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to become water. 7. Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced. 8. The rea ...
... 5. Glucose is a high-energy molecule; CO2 and H2O are low-energy molecules; cellular respiration is thus exergonic because it releases energy. 6. Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to become water. 7. Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced. 8. The rea ...
STRUCTURE OF ATP
... oxidation releases energy.This process is called respiration. All living organism required energy to carry out various activities. This energy is obtained through respiration which is a catabolic process. It occurs in all the living cells of all the organisms. Respiration is defined as an intracellu ...
... oxidation releases energy.This process is called respiration. All living organism required energy to carry out various activities. This energy is obtained through respiration which is a catabolic process. It occurs in all the living cells of all the organisms. Respiration is defined as an intracellu ...
Bioenergetics, glycolysis, metabolism of monosaccharides and
... point of equilibrium is when A is being converted to B as fast as B is being converted to A (see the figure). At equilibrium point ∆G=zero This equation allows some simple predictions: equal Forward reaction, exergonic Back reaction, endergonic ...
... point of equilibrium is when A is being converted to B as fast as B is being converted to A (see the figure). At equilibrium point ∆G=zero This equation allows some simple predictions: equal Forward reaction, exergonic Back reaction, endergonic ...
Exam #1
... In general, know the processes/pathways of: Glycogen build-up/breakdown, , Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Fatty Acid biosynthesis and B-oxidation, Cholesterol/terpene synthesis and Triacyl glyceride breakdown. It’s not to memorize each step but to recognize type of reactions that are occurring (oxidat ...
... In general, know the processes/pathways of: Glycogen build-up/breakdown, , Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Fatty Acid biosynthesis and B-oxidation, Cholesterol/terpene synthesis and Triacyl glyceride breakdown. It’s not to memorize each step but to recognize type of reactions that are occurring (oxidat ...
Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN
... •since NAD+ is present only in catalytic amounts, and is used in other pathways as well, the continual functioning of the glycolytic reactions (and the rest of the cell) depends on the reoxidation of NADH formed at the G3PD step (G3-P to 1,3-BPG) 1. anaerobic metabolism in muscle tissue: •during per ...
... •since NAD+ is present only in catalytic amounts, and is used in other pathways as well, the continual functioning of the glycolytic reactions (and the rest of the cell) depends on the reoxidation of NADH formed at the G3PD step (G3-P to 1,3-BPG) 1. anaerobic metabolism in muscle tissue: •during per ...
Slide 1
... Summary of Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and breaks glucose into two pyruvates - Krebs Cycle takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, and breaks a pyruvate into CO2 and produce some ATP and NADH. - Some steps of Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle are Redox in which dehydrogena ...
... Summary of Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and breaks glucose into two pyruvates - Krebs Cycle takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, and breaks a pyruvate into CO2 and produce some ATP and NADH. - Some steps of Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle are Redox in which dehydrogena ...
enviro bio cellular respiration powerpoint 2013
... i. Most cells do this (eukaryotes: most plants and animal cells) Aerobic process- REQUIRES OXYGEN!! ...
... i. Most cells do this (eukaryotes: most plants and animal cells) Aerobic process- REQUIRES OXYGEN!! ...
Exerphys06
... – Fatigue quickly – ↑ Glycolytic activity – Quick energy bursts – Speed for longer distances – Primarily anaerobic ...
... – Fatigue quickly – ↑ Glycolytic activity – Quick energy bursts – Speed for longer distances – Primarily anaerobic ...
Answer Key 2016 Spring Biology (General) Exam #2
... B) energy conversions are never 100% efficient…some energy is always “lost” as heat. C) energy can neither be created nor destroyed D) all living organisms must eat to derive energy 3) The second law of thermodynamics states that: A) energy conversions are never 100% efficient…some energy is always ...
... B) energy conversions are never 100% efficient…some energy is always “lost” as heat. C) energy can neither be created nor destroyed D) all living organisms must eat to derive energy 3) The second law of thermodynamics states that: A) energy conversions are never 100% efficient…some energy is always ...
Preview from Notesale.co.uk Page 3 of 61
... The process of breaking a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. The process of breaking down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. High energy electrons are used to convert ADP to ATP. The organelle in which cellular respiration takes place. The release of energy from food without the presen ...
... The process of breaking a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. The process of breaking down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. High energy electrons are used to convert ADP to ATP. The organelle in which cellular respiration takes place. The release of energy from food without the presen ...
Chapter 2
... • It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! • It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings ...
... • It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! • It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑