CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Fermentation is the breakdown of pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) to make ATP. ...
... Fermentation is the breakdown of pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) to make ATP. ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... 24. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two components: the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Referring to Figure 9.13, notice that each member of the electron transport chain is lower in free __________ than the preceding member of the chain, but higher in _______________. The molecule at ...
... 24. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two components: the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. Referring to Figure 9.13, notice that each member of the electron transport chain is lower in free __________ than the preceding member of the chain, but higher in _______________. The molecule at ...
Biochem Midterm - Website of Neelay Gandhi
... A. Weak acids do not undergo complete dissociation when dissolved in water. B. Weak acids can either be organic or inorganic compounds. C. At its pKA value weak acids are 50% dissociated. D. Altering the pH of a solution from 5 to 10 involves a doubling of its hydrogen concentration. 5. All the foll ...
... A. Weak acids do not undergo complete dissociation when dissolved in water. B. Weak acids can either be organic or inorganic compounds. C. At its pKA value weak acids are 50% dissociated. D. Altering the pH of a solution from 5 to 10 involves a doubling of its hydrogen concentration. 5. All the foll ...
Chapter 8 - South Sevier High School
... 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are usually carried to the electron transport chain. 4. NAD+ is a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction since it both accepts and gives up electrons; thus, NAD+ is sometimes called a redox coenzyme 5. Only a small amount of NAD+ is needed ...
... 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are usually carried to the electron transport chain. 4. NAD+ is a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction since it both accepts and gives up electrons; thus, NAD+ is sometimes called a redox coenzyme 5. Only a small amount of NAD+ is needed ...
Metabolism
... •There are thus more H+ ions outside than inside: the pH outside is lower than inside. •The H+ ions are then allowed back into the cell by passing them through the ATP synthase protein, which uses the energy of the H+ ions flowing down the gradient to attach phosphate (Pi) to ADP, creating ATP. •the ...
... •There are thus more H+ ions outside than inside: the pH outside is lower than inside. •The H+ ions are then allowed back into the cell by passing them through the ATP synthase protein, which uses the energy of the H+ ions flowing down the gradient to attach phosphate (Pi) to ADP, creating ATP. •the ...
TAKE HOME TEST A
... CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COCH2CHOCCH2(CH2)12(CH2CH=CH)3CH3 OH ...
... CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COCH2CHOCCH2(CH2)12(CH2CH=CH)3CH3 OH ...
Biosynthesis of glucose – gluconeogenesis
... • Liver and kidney are major sites of glucose synthesis • Main precursors: lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and some amino acids • Under fasting conditions, gluconeogenesis supplies almost all of the body’s glucose • Gluconeogenesis – universal pathway. It present in animals, microorganisms, plants and f ...
... • Liver and kidney are major sites of glucose synthesis • Main precursors: lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and some amino acids • Under fasting conditions, gluconeogenesis supplies almost all of the body’s glucose • Gluconeogenesis – universal pathway. It present in animals, microorganisms, plants and f ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP • Th ...
... • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP • Th ...
Name 1 BIO 451 14 December, 1998 FINAL EXAM
... at a time when the runner needs energy. Breakdown of starch would release glucose more slowly, thus having less of an effect on blood glucose so that more of the glucose from starch would be available for energy ...
... at a time when the runner needs energy. Breakdown of starch would release glucose more slowly, thus having less of an effect on blood glucose so that more of the glucose from starch would be available for energy ...
Cells and energy - whsbaumanbiology
... 2. Pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation 3. Energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid 4. NADH is changed back into NAD+ ...
... 2. Pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation 3. Energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid 4. NADH is changed back into NAD+ ...
Cellular Respiration Notes - 2016 2017
... 7) What happens during the electron transport chain (i.e. the third step of aerobic cellular respiration)? a. The electron transport chain occurs in the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Folding the membrane creates more membrane surface area to fit more electron transport chain protein com ...
... 7) What happens during the electron transport chain (i.e. the third step of aerobic cellular respiration)? a. The electron transport chain occurs in the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Folding the membrane creates more membrane surface area to fit more electron transport chain protein com ...
cell respiration
... energy found in NADH and FADH2 to make more ATP. This involves the cristae. There are electron transport chains that are used. The electrons from the NADH and FADH2 are used to move on the electron transport chain. As the electrons move down the electron transport chain, H+ ions are pumped across th ...
... energy found in NADH and FADH2 to make more ATP. This involves the cristae. There are electron transport chains that are used. The electrons from the NADH and FADH2 are used to move on the electron transport chain. As the electrons move down the electron transport chain, H+ ions are pumped across th ...
Due: 2015. 10. 12. 11:00 am (월)
... Let’s assume that there is an allosteric enzyme with one binding site for the substrate, S. And it binds 100 times better on R state (c=KT/KR=100, KT, KR is dissociation constants). If one mole of substrate binds to one mole of the enzyme with one to one ratio, calculate how much L can be changed by ...
... Let’s assume that there is an allosteric enzyme with one binding site for the substrate, S. And it binds 100 times better on R state (c=KT/KR=100, KT, KR is dissociation constants). If one mole of substrate binds to one mole of the enzyme with one to one ratio, calculate how much L can be changed by ...
History of Fermentation Processes and Their Fundamental
... Glycolytic degradation of glucose to two lactate (DG = -47.0 kcal/mole) (47/686) X 100 = 6.9 percent of the total energy that can be set free from glucose This does NOT mean anaerobic glycolysis is wasteful, but only incomplete to this point of metabolism! ...
... Glycolytic degradation of glucose to two lactate (DG = -47.0 kcal/mole) (47/686) X 100 = 6.9 percent of the total energy that can be set free from glucose This does NOT mean anaerobic glycolysis is wasteful, but only incomplete to this point of metabolism! ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... • Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than Glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three majo ...
... • Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than Glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three majo ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... In TCA, the removal of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels. These electrons reduce O2 to generate a ...
... In TCA, the removal of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels. These electrons reduce O2 to generate a ...
CHAPTER 8 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... 5. Glucose is high-energy molecule; CO2 and H2O are low-energy molecules; process is exergonic and releases energy. 6. Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen which combines with H+ to become water. 7. Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced. 8. The buildup of ATP is an endergonic ...
... 5. Glucose is high-energy molecule; CO2 and H2O are low-energy molecules; process is exergonic and releases energy. 6. Electrons are removed from substrates and received by oxygen which combines with H+ to become water. 7. Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced. 8. The buildup of ATP is an endergonic ...
Krebs Cycle - USD Home Pages
... served as catalysts in O2 consumption and oxidative metabolism of glucose and pyruvate. • Szent-‐Gyorgyi determined the catalytic affect of small amounts of future TCA intermediates • Knoop (also key in fat ...
... served as catalysts in O2 consumption and oxidative metabolism of glucose and pyruvate. • Szent-‐Gyorgyi determined the catalytic affect of small amounts of future TCA intermediates • Knoop (also key in fat ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
... In your group: 5. See if you can write the chemical equation for respiration (inputs and outputs) 6. What is the organelle in cells that is “releasing” energy during respiration? 7. What primary molecule is energy being “released” from? 8. How is the sun indirectly involved in respiration? ...
... In your group: 5. See if you can write the chemical equation for respiration (inputs and outputs) 6. What is the organelle in cells that is “releasing” energy during respiration? 7. What primary molecule is energy being “released” from? 8. How is the sun indirectly involved in respiration? ...
ch9sec1n2_2013
... make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels ATP SYNTHASE back into the matrix, ________________ spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to ATP form _______ ...
... make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels ATP SYNTHASE back into the matrix, ________________ spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to ATP form _______ ...
Fatty acid oxidation
... pathway in a variety of tissues, becoming particularly important during periods of glucose deprivation. In organs such as liver and skeletal muscle, FAO can provide over 75% of cellular ATP while in cardiac tissue it can be responsible for up to 90% of cellular energy requirements. The primary pathw ...
... pathway in a variety of tissues, becoming particularly important during periods of glucose deprivation. In organs such as liver and skeletal muscle, FAO can provide over 75% of cellular ATP while in cardiac tissue it can be responsible for up to 90% of cellular energy requirements. The primary pathw ...
Multiple Choice: Choose the one best answer to each question
... NADH= _6_ FADH2= _2_ GTP= 2 CO2= _4 (2X2=4 CO2)_ Oxaloacetate= 2 Pyruvate= 0 31) 5 points: How do mitochondria produce ATP from ADP, Pi and the NADH and FADH2 generated in the question above? You will need to indicate/name all enzymes, proton gradients, and enzyme complexes. A sketch of the mitochon ...
... NADH= _6_ FADH2= _2_ GTP= 2 CO2= _4 (2X2=4 CO2)_ Oxaloacetate= 2 Pyruvate= 0 31) 5 points: How do mitochondria produce ATP from ADP, Pi and the NADH and FADH2 generated in the question above? You will need to indicate/name all enzymes, proton gradients, and enzyme complexes. A sketch of the mitochon ...
Respiration
... coenzymes and finally to oxygen allows for the controlled release of energy. l) These controlled processes allows cells to effectively and efficiently release energy from organic compounds and produce ATP. ...
... coenzymes and finally to oxygen allows for the controlled release of energy. l) These controlled processes allows cells to effectively and efficiently release energy from organic compounds and produce ATP. ...
Chapter 4 - WordPress.com
... • Glucose can be stored as glycogen, and converted to and stored as fat. • Glucose can be catabolized anaerobically and aerobically. Anaerobically, glucose is incompletely broken down (glycolysis) into lactic acid and small amounts of ATP. Aerobically, glucose is broken down completely (citric acid ...
... • Glucose can be stored as glycogen, and converted to and stored as fat. • Glucose can be catabolized anaerobically and aerobically. Anaerobically, glucose is incompletely broken down (glycolysis) into lactic acid and small amounts of ATP. Aerobically, glucose is broken down completely (citric acid ...
Cellular Respiration
... phosphate group to ADP - producing ATP • When the cell needs energy for life processes, it breaks the bond holding the phosphate group and changes ATP back to ADP • Adding a bond stores energy • Breaking a bond releases energy ...
... phosphate group to ADP - producing ATP • When the cell needs energy for life processes, it breaks the bond holding the phosphate group and changes ATP back to ADP • Adding a bond stores energy • Breaking a bond releases energy ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑