Reactions of the TCA Cycle
... Synthesis of citrate from acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate Isomerization of Citrate Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidative decarboxylation of α- ketoglutarate Cleavage of Succinyl CoA Oxidation of succinate Hydration of fumerate Oxidation of malate ...
... Synthesis of citrate from acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate Isomerization of Citrate Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidative decarboxylation of α- ketoglutarate Cleavage of Succinyl CoA Oxidation of succinate Hydration of fumerate Oxidation of malate ...
Cells and Energy Review ____ 1. Which of the following statements
... b. plants only c. animals only d. prokaryotes 11. Which process breaks down sugars to make ATP when oxygen is present? 12. The part of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down is called 13. Two products of the Krebs cycle are 14. What provides the electron transport chain in cellular res ...
... b. plants only c. animals only d. prokaryotes 11. Which process breaks down sugars to make ATP when oxygen is present? 12. The part of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down is called 13. Two products of the Krebs cycle are 14. What provides the electron transport chain in cellular res ...
Chapter 5 : MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS
... inner membrane space. In complex I, electrons are passed from NADH to the electron transport chain, where they flow through the remaining complexes. NADH is oxidized to NAD in this process. Complex II oxidizes FADH, garnering still more electrons for the chain. At complex III, no additional electron ...
... inner membrane space. In complex I, electrons are passed from NADH to the electron transport chain, where they flow through the remaining complexes. NADH is oxidized to NAD in this process. Complex II oxidizes FADH, garnering still more electrons for the chain. At complex III, no additional electron ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... be tapped off to make glucose. In summary: in many organisms (including all animal cells), fatty acids and acetyl CoA are not precursors of hexoses. (They were NOT among the short list of gluconeogenic precursors in Carbohydrates and Intermediary Metabolism Lecture 5). ...
... be tapped off to make glucose. In summary: in many organisms (including all animal cells), fatty acids and acetyl CoA are not precursors of hexoses. (They were NOT among the short list of gluconeogenic precursors in Carbohydrates and Intermediary Metabolism Lecture 5). ...
chapter7_Sections 5
... • Fermentation pathways start with glycolysis • Substances other than oxygen accept electrons at the end of the pathways • Compared with aerobic respiration, the net yield of ATP from fermentation is small ...
... • Fermentation pathways start with glycolysis • Substances other than oxygen accept electrons at the end of the pathways • Compared with aerobic respiration, the net yield of ATP from fermentation is small ...
Lecture 15
... Summary of Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and breaks glucose into two pyruvates - Krebs Cycle takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, and breaks a pyruvate into CO2 and produce some ATP and NADH. - Some steps of Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle are Redox in which dehydrogena ...
... Summary of Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and breaks glucose into two pyruvates - Krebs Cycle takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, and breaks a pyruvate into CO2 and produce some ATP and NADH. - Some steps of Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle are Redox in which dehydrogena ...
Unit 7
... oxygen present. Pyruvate from glycolysis is metabolized to produce molecules other than acetyl CoA. • Fermentation pathways -Fermentation yields enough energy for many single-celled anaerobic organisms and is sufficient for some aerobic organisms when oxygen levels are diminished, but as a whole, is ...
... oxygen present. Pyruvate from glycolysis is metabolized to produce molecules other than acetyl CoA. • Fermentation pathways -Fermentation yields enough energy for many single-celled anaerobic organisms and is sufficient for some aerobic organisms when oxygen levels are diminished, but as a whole, is ...
Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions
... 3. Which of the following can be formed from acetyl CoA molecules? 4. The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as 5. An aerobic reaction is one that requires 6. When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain ...
... 3. Which of the following can be formed from acetyl CoA molecules? 4. The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as 5. An aerobic reaction is one that requires 6. When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain ...
Lecture 7: Metabolic Regulation - University of California, Berkeley
... Glucagon levels goes down in response to high [glucose]. The opposite regulation of the PFK2/FBPase-2 will occur. The enzyme will become dephosphorylated, which results in the activation of the PFK-2 activity. You will now have much more fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. The glucose-6phosphate that your li ...
... Glucagon levels goes down in response to high [glucose]. The opposite regulation of the PFK2/FBPase-2 will occur. The enzyme will become dephosphorylated, which results in the activation of the PFK-2 activity. You will now have much more fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. The glucose-6phosphate that your li ...
Energy Production
... metabolism that require removal of electrons (i.e., virtually all pathways that degrade fuel molecules) must stop. However, most cells can continue glycolysis, at least for a short time, because they have the ability to oxidize NADH through an alternative pathway that does not require oxygen: fermen ...
... metabolism that require removal of electrons (i.e., virtually all pathways that degrade fuel molecules) must stop. However, most cells can continue glycolysis, at least for a short time, because they have the ability to oxidize NADH through an alternative pathway that does not require oxygen: fermen ...
Muscle Tissue C1
... Force of muscle contraction affected by: • Number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment) • Muscle cross-sectional area: hypertrophy of cells increases strength • Frequency of stimulation: stimulation rate allows time for more effective transfer of tension to noncontractile components • Length ...
... Force of muscle contraction affected by: • Number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment) • Muscle cross-sectional area: hypertrophy of cells increases strength • Frequency of stimulation: stimulation rate allows time for more effective transfer of tension to noncontractile components • Length ...
BCHEM 253 – METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES
... nucleotide, cofactor and fatty acid required for life. For higher plants and animals there are three major metabolic fates for glucose. Nearly every living cell catabolizes glucose and other simple sugars by a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis differs from one species to another only in the deta ...
... nucleotide, cofactor and fatty acid required for life. For higher plants and animals there are three major metabolic fates for glucose. Nearly every living cell catabolizes glucose and other simple sugars by a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis differs from one species to another only in the deta ...
Chem 356 Structure and Function in Biochemistry
... Water is excluded from the active site to prevent hydrolysis of the phosphate group from glucose 1-phosphate. The entry of H2O could lead to the formation of glucose rather than glucose 1-phosphate. A site-specific mutagenesis experiment is revealing in this regard. In glycogen phosphorylase, Tyr 57 ...
... Water is excluded from the active site to prevent hydrolysis of the phosphate group from glucose 1-phosphate. The entry of H2O could lead to the formation of glucose rather than glucose 1-phosphate. A site-specific mutagenesis experiment is revealing in this regard. In glycogen phosphorylase, Tyr 57 ...
Metabolism - College of the Canyons
... • electrons travel in pairs (2 e-) along the transport chain • each electron carrier becomes reduced when it receives an electron pair and oxidized again when it passes the electrons along to the next carrier • oxygen is the final electron acceptor – each oxygen atom accepts two electrons from cytoc ...
... • electrons travel in pairs (2 e-) along the transport chain • each electron carrier becomes reduced when it receives an electron pair and oxidized again when it passes the electrons along to the next carrier • oxygen is the final electron acceptor – each oxygen atom accepts two electrons from cytoc ...
Essential Cell Biology FOURTH EDITION
... Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP production powered by electron transfer in mitochondria O2 final e- acceptor ...
... Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP production powered by electron transfer in mitochondria O2 final e- acceptor ...
2007
... CH2OPO3H218. [2] Gluconeogenesis shares some, but not all, enzymes with the glycolytic pathway. It would appear to be more efficient if both pathways used all of the same enzymes since the pathways are essentially the reverse of each other. Why don’t both pathways use all of the same enzymes? A) The ...
... CH2OPO3H218. [2] Gluconeogenesis shares some, but not all, enzymes with the glycolytic pathway. It would appear to be more efficient if both pathways used all of the same enzymes since the pathways are essentially the reverse of each other. Why don’t both pathways use all of the same enzymes? A) The ...
PP Chapter 9 - WordPress.com
... anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
... anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
video slide
... extracted from food in the form of high energy electrons • These two electron carriers hand off the electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative ...
... extracted from food in the form of high energy electrons • These two electron carriers hand off the electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative ...
PP Chapter 9 - Trimble County Schools
... anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
... anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative ...
Cellular respiration
... Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in the cytoplasm of cells in all living organisms and is anaerobic (that is, oxygen is not required). The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, it makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four ...
... Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in the cytoplasm of cells in all living organisms and is anaerobic (that is, oxygen is not required). The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, it makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... Metabolism: is the entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living cells. It is also refer to the intermediate steps within the cells in which the nutrient molecules or foodstuffs are metabolized and converted into cellular components catalysed by enzymes. The fate of dietary components a ...
... Metabolism: is the entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living cells. It is also refer to the intermediate steps within the cells in which the nutrient molecules or foodstuffs are metabolized and converted into cellular components catalysed by enzymes. The fate of dietary components a ...
... Should athletes with high energy demands, such a sprinters, go on this diet? Why or why not? Sprinters need a fast source of energy. This can only be provided from glucose in glycolysis. The glucose is released from glycogen. Glycogen storage is elevated in high carbohydrate diets. Fats and proteins ...
Cellular Respiration Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle
... releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!) reduces 2 NAD 2 NADH (moves e ) ...
... releases 2 CO2 (count the carbons!) reduces 2 NAD 2 NADH (moves e ) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑