BIOLOGY 311C - Brand Spring 2007 NAME (printed very legibly
... a. the ketone functional group is more oxidized. b. the ketone functional group is more reduced. c. the two functional groups are at the same level of oxidation. d. both functional groups are more oxidized than is a carboxylic acid. 14. Which one of the following represents an oxidation reaction? a. ...
... a. the ketone functional group is more oxidized. b. the ketone functional group is more reduced. c. the two functional groups are at the same level of oxidation. d. both functional groups are more oxidized than is a carboxylic acid. 14. Which one of the following represents an oxidation reaction? a. ...
Cell Energy Part 3 – Respiration
... immediately bond H+ ions, forming H2O molecules As long as there is plentiful oxygen, NADH is continually converted to NAD+ by the ETC, allowing glycolysis to continue If oxygen is not brought in quickly enough, the chain slows down, NAD+ is quickly used up, and fermentation begins ...
... immediately bond H+ ions, forming H2O molecules As long as there is plentiful oxygen, NADH is continually converted to NAD+ by the ETC, allowing glycolysis to continue If oxygen is not brought in quickly enough, the chain slows down, NAD+ is quickly used up, and fermentation begins ...
Nutrition Power Point
... You will notice that even after you have finished racing you will continue to breath hard. At this point your body is still trying to repay the oxygen debt that was created when you were working hard. Technically, it is excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). ...
... You will notice that even after you have finished racing you will continue to breath hard. At this point your body is still trying to repay the oxygen debt that was created when you were working hard. Technically, it is excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). ...
Chapter 25: Metabolism
... • Cellular proteins continuously recycled in cytosol – Peptide bonds broken amino acids (AAs) – Free AAs used in new proteins ...
... • Cellular proteins continuously recycled in cytosol – Peptide bonds broken amino acids (AAs) – Free AAs used in new proteins ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Lectures For UG-5
... • This portion of the pathway is particularly important in the liver, lactating mammary glands, and adipose, which are active in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, in the adrenal cortex, which is active in the NADPH-dependent synthesis of steroids, and in erythro-cytes, which require NADPH to keep glu ...
... • This portion of the pathway is particularly important in the liver, lactating mammary glands, and adipose, which are active in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, in the adrenal cortex, which is active in the NADPH-dependent synthesis of steroids, and in erythro-cytes, which require NADPH to keep glu ...
Chapter 13
... 3. Most metabolisms are carried out in specific organelles. For example, glycolysis takes place in cytosol, whereas the citric acid cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation processes occur in mitochondria. Important metabolic functions are listed in Table 15-2. 4. ATP is the most important cellular e ...
... 3. Most metabolisms are carried out in specific organelles. For example, glycolysis takes place in cytosol, whereas the citric acid cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation processes occur in mitochondria. Important metabolic functions are listed in Table 15-2. 4. ATP is the most important cellular e ...
Lecture 12: Enzymes of Metabolism: An Introduction Reference
... b. PDH: it’s main job is to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA so that it can enter the TCA cycle c. Pyruvate carboxylase: it converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA). When acetyl CoA levels are high, cell need OAA to keep the TCA cycle running 3. List the cofactors required for PDH activity. a. Thiamin ...
... b. PDH: it’s main job is to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA so that it can enter the TCA cycle c. Pyruvate carboxylase: it converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA). When acetyl CoA levels are high, cell need OAA to keep the TCA cycle running 3. List the cofactors required for PDH activity. a. Thiamin ...
6ppt - UCSD Course Websites
... the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol ...
... the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol ...
Test Review – Ch
... AKA fermentation, occurs without presence of oxygen 19. Fermentation happens under (aerobic / anaerobic) conditions. Anaerobic 20. Which process occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration? (Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC) Glycolysis 21. What are the two kinds of fermentation? What kind happens in our ...
... AKA fermentation, occurs without presence of oxygen 19. Fermentation happens under (aerobic / anaerobic) conditions. Anaerobic 20. Which process occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration? (Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC) Glycolysis 21. What are the two kinds of fermentation? What kind happens in our ...
1 - SMIC Nutrition Science
... 12. How is it possible for both anabolic and catabolic processes to take place at the same time? Answer (key points): Anabolism tends to take place in the cytoplasm, whereas catabolism takes place primarily in mitochondria. This separation or compartmentalization is important, because it enables bot ...
... 12. How is it possible for both anabolic and catabolic processes to take place at the same time? Answer (key points): Anabolism tends to take place in the cytoplasm, whereas catabolism takes place primarily in mitochondria. This separation or compartmentalization is important, because it enables bot ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis, and does not require oxygen. (therefore it is anaerobic. It produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose If the body is severely taxed and it cannot supply enough oxygen to carry out the next two steps of cellular respiration. The molecules of pyruvic acid are still being produced Instead of c ...
... Glycolysis, and does not require oxygen. (therefore it is anaerobic. It produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose If the body is severely taxed and it cannot supply enough oxygen to carry out the next two steps of cellular respiration. The molecules of pyruvic acid are still being produced Instead of c ...
lecture CH24 chem131pikul
... • Steps [1] – [5] comprise the energy investment phase, where 2 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed. • The 6-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two 3-carbon segments. • Steps [6] – [10] comprise the energygenerating phase, producing 1 NADH and 2 ATPs for each pyruvate formed. Smith, Janice Gor ...
... • Steps [1] – [5] comprise the energy investment phase, where 2 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed. • The 6-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two 3-carbon segments. • Steps [6] – [10] comprise the energygenerating phase, producing 1 NADH and 2 ATPs for each pyruvate formed. Smith, Janice Gor ...
Exam 2
... e. The γ-subunit of ATP synthase has a slightly bent long helix structure. 21. The followings are some descriptions of enzymes in the citric acid cycle. a. In a reaction, A + B → C, the enzyme name is "C synthetase" if an ATP hydrolysis energy is used for the synthesis. b. Excess of acetyl-CoA is co ...
... e. The γ-subunit of ATP synthase has a slightly bent long helix structure. 21. The followings are some descriptions of enzymes in the citric acid cycle. a. In a reaction, A + B → C, the enzyme name is "C synthetase" if an ATP hydrolysis energy is used for the synthesis. b. Excess of acetyl-CoA is co ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... ! Glycolysis depends on a supply of substrates: glucose, ADP, Pi, NAD+ ! NAD+, FAD present in only small amounts in cell. ! Therefore, NAD+ must be regenerated from NADH to allow continued glycolysis, citric acid cycle ...
... ! Glycolysis depends on a supply of substrates: glucose, ADP, Pi, NAD+ ! NAD+, FAD present in only small amounts in cell. ! Therefore, NAD+ must be regenerated from NADH to allow continued glycolysis, citric acid cycle ...
Biochemistry Metabolic pathways - Limes-Institut-Bonn
... of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequences between A and P. (a) Parallel sequences proceed by independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes. ...
... of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequences between A and P. (a) Parallel sequences proceed by independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes. ...
METABOLISM
... incorporated into proteins. Excess glucose can be stored by the liver (25%) and skeletal muscle (75%) as glycogen (how animals store carbohydrate)in a process called glycogenesis. If glycogen storage areas are filled up,(they hold about 1.1 pounds of glycogen), liver cells and fat cells convert gluc ...
... incorporated into proteins. Excess glucose can be stored by the liver (25%) and skeletal muscle (75%) as glycogen (how animals store carbohydrate)in a process called glycogenesis. If glycogen storage areas are filled up,(they hold about 1.1 pounds of glycogen), liver cells and fat cells convert gluc ...
Micro 071023
... tetraether-based, isoprene membranes in an anoxic period during the mid-Cretacean, perhaps driven by competition for ammonia (e- donor) utilization? Doesn’t prefer life of luxury: Low extant diversity (89 genera vs. 1,400 bacterial genera) due to inability to radiate in replete ...
... tetraether-based, isoprene membranes in an anoxic period during the mid-Cretacean, perhaps driven by competition for ammonia (e- donor) utilization? Doesn’t prefer life of luxury: Low extant diversity (89 genera vs. 1,400 bacterial genera) due to inability to radiate in replete ...
103 final rev worksheet key
... d) What must happen to D-galactose before it can enter glycolysis? D-galactose must be converted to D-glucose (actually to glucose-6-phosphate). e) Draw the Haworth structure for -L-galactose H O OH CH2 OH OH H H OH OH H H ...
... d) What must happen to D-galactose before it can enter glycolysis? D-galactose must be converted to D-glucose (actually to glucose-6-phosphate). e) Draw the Haworth structure for -L-galactose H O OH CH2 OH OH H H OH OH H H ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑