Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration
... These links thus permit the respiration of excess fats and proteins in the diet. No special mechanism of cellular respiration is needed by those animals that depend largely on ingested fats (e.g., many birds) or proteins (e.g., carnivores) for their energy supply. Much of the protein we consume is u ...
... These links thus permit the respiration of excess fats and proteins in the diet. No special mechanism of cellular respiration is needed by those animals that depend largely on ingested fats (e.g., many birds) or proteins (e.g., carnivores) for their energy supply. Much of the protein we consume is u ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... Many of the enzymes in the TCA cycle are regulated by negative feedback from ATP when the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, ...
... Many of the enzymes in the TCA cycle are regulated by negative feedback from ATP when the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, ...
2005
... the Calvin cycle, three molecules of carbon dioxide condense with _________ molecule(s) of the sugar-phosphate substrate ______________________________ in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ______________________________. The actions of other enzymes of the Calvin cycle ultimately regenerate the sug ...
... the Calvin cycle, three molecules of carbon dioxide condense with _________ molecule(s) of the sugar-phosphate substrate ______________________________ in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme ______________________________. The actions of other enzymes of the Calvin cycle ultimately regenerate the sug ...
Answer Key
... If given a diagram of a pathway, you should be able to fill in reactants and products and tell where does it go next? See above info, already written out. Be able to tell which stages require oxygen and which DON’T. Oxygen – Kreb’s and ETC No oxygen – glycolysis, alcoholic and lactic acid fermetatio ...
... If given a diagram of a pathway, you should be able to fill in reactants and products and tell where does it go next? See above info, already written out. Be able to tell which stages require oxygen and which DON’T. Oxygen – Kreb’s and ETC No oxygen – glycolysis, alcoholic and lactic acid fermetatio ...
CHAPTER 7, CELLULAR RESPIRATION In Eukaryotic Cells, the
... OBJECTIVES: Define cellular respiration. Describe the major events in Glycolysis. Compare and contrast lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Calculate the efficiency of glycolysis. HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY 1. Autotrophs, such as plants, use photosynthesis to convert light energy fro ...
... OBJECTIVES: Define cellular respiration. Describe the major events in Glycolysis. Compare and contrast lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Calculate the efficiency of glycolysis. HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY 1. Autotrophs, such as plants, use photosynthesis to convert light energy fro ...
Name: Date: Concept Check Questions Chapter 8 (orange) or 6
... 2. A key process in metabolism is the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. In some conditions, H+ ions flow back across the membrane and come to equal concentrations on each side. In which conditions can the H+ ions perform work in this system? 8.3 ATP powers cel ...
... 2. A key process in metabolism is the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. In some conditions, H+ ions flow back across the membrane and come to equal concentrations on each side. In which conditions can the H+ ions perform work in this system? 8.3 ATP powers cel ...
Respiration
... respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down • Control of catabolism is based mainly on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down • Control of catabolism is based mainly on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Chapter 9 Cell Respiration
... without the use of oxygen • Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
... without the use of oxygen • Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
Other ways to make ATP
... electrons passed down e- transport chain to some molecule other than oxygen (e.g. NO3-, SO4-2). – Organic molecules like glucose still source of energy – Just like aerobic respiration but w/o O2 – basis for lab identification test ...
... electrons passed down e- transport chain to some molecule other than oxygen (e.g. NO3-, SO4-2). – Organic molecules like glucose still source of energy – Just like aerobic respiration but w/o O2 – basis for lab identification test ...
Old exams 1. Which one of these answers best describes a
... The process of internalization of extracellular molecules is called 59.Cells use endocytosis to 60.Once internalized, LDL (low density lipoprotein) receptors are 61.People with mutation in the internalization sequence of LDL receptor will have 62.Coat proteins ...
... The process of internalization of extracellular molecules is called 59.Cells use endocytosis to 60.Once internalized, LDL (low density lipoprotein) receptors are 61.People with mutation in the internalization sequence of LDL receptor will have 62.Coat proteins ...
unit iv study guide key
... C – intermembrane space – site into which H+ ions are pumped using energy from “falling” electrons in ETC 2. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ~38 ATP C6H12O6 - oxidized O2 – reduced 3. Catabolic with negative ΔG The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. This occurs in the cytosol of cell ...
... C – intermembrane space – site into which H+ ions are pumped using energy from “falling” electrons in ETC 2. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ~38 ATP C6H12O6 - oxidized O2 – reduced 3. Catabolic with negative ΔG The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. This occurs in the cytosol of cell ...
TCA Cycle
... pick up protons from one side and release then on the other side 2. Ionophores • Hydrophobic molecules that disspate osmotic gradients by inserting them selves into the membrane and form a channel ...
... pick up protons from one side and release then on the other side 2. Ionophores • Hydrophobic molecules that disspate osmotic gradients by inserting them selves into the membrane and form a channel ...
lec32_F2015
... slower but richer source of energy. 2a: Oxidative decarboxylations: These occur at three locations, leading to the loss of the three carbons from pyruvate. 1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (step 0) 2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (step 3) 3. -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (step 4) Pyruvate dehydrogenase ...
... slower but richer source of energy. 2a: Oxidative decarboxylations: These occur at three locations, leading to the loss of the three carbons from pyruvate. 1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (step 0) 2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (step 3) 3. -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (step 4) Pyruvate dehydrogenase ...
body temperature Mechanical- moves muscles Electrical
... Central Pathways of Energy Metabolism Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy--Glucose Glycolysis (glucose splitting) is the first step for glucose on its pathway to yielding energy. Glucose is converted to pyruvate Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy – Gluco ...
... Central Pathways of Energy Metabolism Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy--Glucose Glycolysis (glucose splitting) is the first step for glucose on its pathway to yielding energy. Glucose is converted to pyruvate Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy – Gluco ...
Energy For Movement - Illinois Wesleyan University
... The Glycolytic System Glucose and glycogen needs to be converted to glucose-6phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Gycolysis requires 12 enzym ...
... The Glycolytic System Glucose and glycogen needs to be converted to glucose-6phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Gycolysis requires 12 enzym ...
Exam 3 Review
... • Know overall reaction equation, including how many ATP, NADH, and pyruvate are formed. • Given the structure of each intermediate in the pathway, explain what is happening chemically in each step, the type of reaction(s), and the type of enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 11. Explain the th ...
... • Know overall reaction equation, including how many ATP, NADH, and pyruvate are formed. • Given the structure of each intermediate in the pathway, explain what is happening chemically in each step, the type of reaction(s), and the type of enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 11. Explain the th ...
The pathway from “activated acetic acid” to fatty acids and terpenes
... Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize 1964, Fatty Acid Metabolism ...
... Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize 1964, Fatty Acid Metabolism ...
energy - Old Saybrook Public Schools
... carbohydra te 6O2 6CO2 6H 2O chemical energy Photosynthesis is a major anabolic pathway. Light energy is converted to chemical energy: 6CO2 6H 2O light energy 6O2 carbohydra te ...
... carbohydra te 6O2 6CO2 6H 2O chemical energy Photosynthesis is a major anabolic pathway. Light energy is converted to chemical energy: 6CO2 6H 2O light energy 6O2 carbohydra te ...
Respiration
... Note to class- I am slowing removing some of the names of the molecules you do not need to know See Handout 4 names 6) The two G3P molecules gain P and are oxidized, forming 2NADH + 2H+ 7) Phosphoglycerokinase catalyzes P from the molecule forming 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 8) The enzy ...
... Note to class- I am slowing removing some of the names of the molecules you do not need to know See Handout 4 names 6) The two G3P molecules gain P and are oxidized, forming 2NADH + 2H+ 7) Phosphoglycerokinase catalyzes P from the molecule forming 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 8) The enzy ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... Many of the enzymes in the TCA cycle are regulated by negative feedback from ATP when the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, ...
... Many of the enzymes in the TCA cycle are regulated by negative feedback from ATP when the energy charge of the cell is high. Such enzymes include the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that synthesizes the acetyl-CoA needed for the first reaction of the TCA cycle. Also the enzymes citrate synthase, ...
Bio160 ExIII Sp09
... e. the reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reactions are referred to as substrates 42. The substrate that is catalyzed by the enzyme we studied in our on-line enzyme lab is: a. glucose b. sucrose c. fructose d. invertase e. acarbose ...
... e. the reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reactions are referred to as substrates 42. The substrate that is catalyzed by the enzyme we studied in our on-line enzyme lab is: a. glucose b. sucrose c. fructose d. invertase e. acarbose ...
Problem Set 9 Key
... 12. How is flux through the Urea Cycle regulated? Major regulatory point is carbamoyl phosphate synthase. This enzyme is allosterically activated by N-acetyl glutamate, a product of enzyme mediated acylation that is proportional to the [glutamate] in the cell. So, as [Glu] increases (an indicator of ...
... 12. How is flux through the Urea Cycle regulated? Major regulatory point is carbamoyl phosphate synthase. This enzyme is allosterically activated by N-acetyl glutamate, a product of enzyme mediated acylation that is proportional to the [glutamate] in the cell. So, as [Glu] increases (an indicator of ...
Cellular Respiration
... without the use of oxygen • Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
... without the use of oxygen • Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
metabolism in muscle and nerves
... (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How is skeletal muscle ...
... (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How is skeletal muscle ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑