Chapter 9
... without the use of oxygen • Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
... without the use of oxygen • Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP • Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP ...
Diversity of Metabolism in Procaryotes
... during the Embden Meyerhof pathway, but they occur in all other fermentation pathways which have an Embden-Meyerhof component. (c) is a substrate level phosphorylation found in Clostridium and Bifidobacterium. These are two anaerobic (fermentative) bacteria who learned how to make one more ATP from ...
... during the Embden Meyerhof pathway, but they occur in all other fermentation pathways which have an Embden-Meyerhof component. (c) is a substrate level phosphorylation found in Clostridium and Bifidobacterium. These are two anaerobic (fermentative) bacteria who learned how to make one more ATP from ...
SBI 4UI Test – Metabolic Processes: Cell Respiration
... T11. The last acceptor of protons and electrons in the ETC is oxygen. T12. The proton channel moves protons out of the intermembrane space. Part C: Identify the term described on the ANSWER SHEET on p. 3. 1. The name of the chemical fixed to CO2 in the Calvin Cycle?pyruvate 2. The name of the other ...
... T11. The last acceptor of protons and electrons in the ETC is oxygen. T12. The proton channel moves protons out of the intermembrane space. Part C: Identify the term described on the ANSWER SHEET on p. 3. 1. The name of the chemical fixed to CO2 in the Calvin Cycle?pyruvate 2. The name of the other ...
info and study guide
... regulation of phosphorylase in muscle and liver, regulation of glycogen synthase and role of PP1 Pentose phosphate pathway: purposes of two stages, uses of NADPH General topics: Know STAGES and OVERALL PURPOSES of each pathway we have learned Know ATP/NADH production/utilization steps and overal ...
... regulation of phosphorylase in muscle and liver, regulation of glycogen synthase and role of PP1 Pentose phosphate pathway: purposes of two stages, uses of NADPH General topics: Know STAGES and OVERALL PURPOSES of each pathway we have learned Know ATP/NADH production/utilization steps and overal ...
Text S3: Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism
... obvious genes for transport or incorporation of these two fatty acid precursors are apparent from the metabolic reconstruction, suggesting that they may enter the cell in their protonated (uncharged) forms by passive diffusion. As in amino acid metabolism, F. succinogenes appears to be unable to deg ...
... obvious genes for transport or incorporation of these two fatty acid precursors are apparent from the metabolic reconstruction, suggesting that they may enter the cell in their protonated (uncharged) forms by passive diffusion. As in amino acid metabolism, F. succinogenes appears to be unable to deg ...
Respiration
... • Some organisms (facultative anaerobes), including yeast and many bacteria, can survive using either fermentation or respiration. •At a cellular level, human muscle cells can behave as facultative anaerobes, but nerve cells cannot. •For facultative anaerobes, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic roa ...
... • Some organisms (facultative anaerobes), including yeast and many bacteria, can survive using either fermentation or respiration. •At a cellular level, human muscle cells can behave as facultative anaerobes, but nerve cells cannot. •For facultative anaerobes, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic roa ...
Lecture 3: Glycolysis Part 2 - University of California, Berkeley
... esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilization so that both of the oxygen atoms carry a somewhat similar partial negative charge. With thioesters, because of the size difference between oxygen and sulfur, there is not much of this resonance stabilization. When hydrolyzed, thioest ...
... esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilization so that both of the oxygen atoms carry a somewhat similar partial negative charge. With thioesters, because of the size difference between oxygen and sulfur, there is not much of this resonance stabilization. When hydrolyzed, thioest ...
04. Introduction to metabolism
... Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled directly to ATP synthesis. ...
... Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled directly to ATP synthesis. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRTION Powerpoint
... energy is being converted to heat energy. – The processes are different, because food is food is oxidized in cells during cellular respiration, while the food was ignited for the same effect in the experiment. ...
... energy is being converted to heat energy. – The processes are different, because food is food is oxidized in cells during cellular respiration, while the food was ignited for the same effect in the experiment. ...
Chapter 1
... – CHO spares lipolysis - promotes gain – Glucose is precursor for glycerol & fatty acids ...
... – CHO spares lipolysis - promotes gain – Glucose is precursor for glycerol & fatty acids ...
Energy Cycle in Vertebrates - Jean
... Figure 1 Food enters the body as a mixture of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. These compounds are digested, assimilated and stored as triacylglycerol and glycogen, mainly in adipose tissue, liver and muscle. Over 90% of total energy reserves are in the form of triacylglycerol for long-term, main ...
... Figure 1 Food enters the body as a mixture of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. These compounds are digested, assimilated and stored as triacylglycerol and glycogen, mainly in adipose tissue, liver and muscle. Over 90% of total energy reserves are in the form of triacylglycerol for long-term, main ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... Free energy released from ATP hydrolysis is used drive unfavorable reactions ATP hydrolysis: ∆Gº’ = - 30.5 kJ/mol The first step in glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase and utilizes ATP hydrolysis to drive the unfavorable reaction of glucose phosphorylation in a coupled reaction ...
... Free energy released from ATP hydrolysis is used drive unfavorable reactions ATP hydrolysis: ∆Gº’ = - 30.5 kJ/mol The first step in glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase and utilizes ATP hydrolysis to drive the unfavorable reaction of glucose phosphorylation in a coupled reaction ...
Nutrition/Metabolism Part A
... Oxidation occurs via the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen Whenever one substance is oxidized, another substance is reduced Oxidized substances lose energy Reduced substances gain energy Coenzymes act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors Two important coenzymes are nicotinamide adenine dinucleot ...
... Oxidation occurs via the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen Whenever one substance is oxidized, another substance is reduced Oxidized substances lose energy Reduced substances gain energy Coenzymes act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors Two important coenzymes are nicotinamide adenine dinucleot ...
lec33_F2015
... i) Pyr can be converted to Acetyl CoA, a one way reaction in humans. a) acetyl CoA can be oxidized by the TCA cycle. b) acetyl CoA can be used to synthesize fatty acids (via citrate), which are then used to make triglycerides. ii) Pyruvate can be converted to alanine in a one-step transaminase react ...
... i) Pyr can be converted to Acetyl CoA, a one way reaction in humans. a) acetyl CoA can be oxidized by the TCA cycle. b) acetyl CoA can be used to synthesize fatty acids (via citrate), which are then used to make triglycerides. ii) Pyruvate can be converted to alanine in a one-step transaminase react ...
Ch. 4 Outline
... A. Series of ten reactions B. Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules C. Occurs in cytosol D. Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration E. Yields two ATP molecules per glucose molecule F. Summarized by three main phases or events: 1. Phosphorylation 2. Splitting 3. Production of NADH and ATP ...
... A. Series of ten reactions B. Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules C. Occurs in cytosol D. Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration E. Yields two ATP molecules per glucose molecule F. Summarized by three main phases or events: 1. Phosphorylation 2. Splitting 3. Production of NADH and ATP ...
Notes
... – 10 NADH take electrons to the ETS 3 ATP from each – 2 FADH2 take electrons to the ETS 2 ATP from each • Electrons carried by NADH produced during glycolysis are shuttled to the electron transport chain by an organic molecule (mechanism of delivery may vary # of ATP produced by ETS). ...
... – 10 NADH take electrons to the ETS 3 ATP from each – 2 FADH2 take electrons to the ETS 2 ATP from each • Electrons carried by NADH produced during glycolysis are shuttled to the electron transport chain by an organic molecule (mechanism of delivery may vary # of ATP produced by ETS). ...
Cells and Energy Cellular Respiration Chapter 2 Lesson 4 Part 1
... is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP the breaking down of an energy source by cells to obtain usable energy ...
... is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP the breaking down of an energy source by cells to obtain usable energy ...
Concept 1 - Phillips Scientific Methods
... Mice at 10oC demonstrated greater oxygen consumption because they were colder. Mice are endotherms, meaning they regulate their body temperature, keeping it at a constant value. When their environmental temperature decreases, mice need to produce greater amounts of ATP to maintain their internal tem ...
... Mice at 10oC demonstrated greater oxygen consumption because they were colder. Mice are endotherms, meaning they regulate their body temperature, keeping it at a constant value. When their environmental temperature decreases, mice need to produce greater amounts of ATP to maintain their internal tem ...
Aerobic Respiration: steps Coenzyme A
... • Final electron acceptor is NOT O2 • NO2-, NO3-, SO42- are reduced instead • Produce fewer ATP than aerobic respiration (but better than fermentation) (unless a high concentration of fermentable sugar is present) ...
... • Final electron acceptor is NOT O2 • NO2-, NO3-, SO42- are reduced instead • Produce fewer ATP than aerobic respiration (but better than fermentation) (unless a high concentration of fermentable sugar is present) ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... About 32 molecules of ATP are produced for each fully oxidized glucose. The role of O2: most of the ATP produced is formed by oxidative phosphorylation, which is due to the reoxidation of NADH. ...
... About 32 molecules of ATP are produced for each fully oxidized glucose. The role of O2: most of the ATP produced is formed by oxidative phosphorylation, which is due to the reoxidation of NADH. ...
Respiration 1 PDF
... • Transfer of electrons (e-) releases energy stored in organic molecules → this energy is ultimately used to generate ATP • Oxidation = loss of e- from one substance • Reduction = addition of e- to another substance • Na + Cl → Na+ + Cl• Na is the reducing agent (donates an e- to CL) • Cl is the oxi ...
... • Transfer of electrons (e-) releases energy stored in organic molecules → this energy is ultimately used to generate ATP • Oxidation = loss of e- from one substance • Reduction = addition of e- to another substance • Na + Cl → Na+ + Cl• Na is the reducing agent (donates an e- to CL) • Cl is the oxi ...
ATPs and - Walton High
... acids can be chopped into two carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
... acids can be chopped into two carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑