Chapter 16 - The Citric Acid Cycle
... • The citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, Kreb’s cycle) is amphibolic (both catabolic and anabolic) • The cycle is involved in the aerobic catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids • Intermediates of the cycle are starting points for many biosynthetic reactions • Enzymes of the cy ...
... • The citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, Kreb’s cycle) is amphibolic (both catabolic and anabolic) • The cycle is involved in the aerobic catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids • Intermediates of the cycle are starting points for many biosynthetic reactions • Enzymes of the cy ...
CHAPTER 3 ESSENTIALS OF METABOLISM
... • Inhibitor molecules bind to a part of the enzyme away from the active site: the allosteric site. • This binding changes the shape of the active site in such a way that it can no longer fit properly with the substrate. • The binding of some allosteric inhibitors is reversible. ...
... • Inhibitor molecules bind to a part of the enzyme away from the active site: the allosteric site. • This binding changes the shape of the active site in such a way that it can no longer fit properly with the substrate. • The binding of some allosteric inhibitors is reversible. ...
Chapter 3: Biochemistry
... 1. Alcohol: OH is attached to carbon and makes the molecule polar 2. Some alcohols are needed by organisms to carry out their life processes C. Large carbon molecules 1. Monomers: 2. Polymer: 3. Macromolecules: 4. Condensation reaction: ...
... 1. Alcohol: OH is attached to carbon and makes the molecule polar 2. Some alcohols are needed by organisms to carry out their life processes C. Large carbon molecules 1. Monomers: 2. Polymer: 3. Macromolecules: 4. Condensation reaction: ...
2007 Exam 3 1. The goal of the oxidative phase of the pentose
... a. a three carbon fatty acyl CoA that is produced during oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons. b. metabolite that can enter the glycolytic pathway and produce PEP for glucose synthesis. c. is the reduced form of acetyl CoA that is produced during oxidation of fatty acids with an od ...
... a. a three carbon fatty acyl CoA that is produced during oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons. b. metabolite that can enter the glycolytic pathway and produce PEP for glucose synthesis. c. is the reduced form of acetyl CoA that is produced during oxidation of fatty acids with an od ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism Intracellular - Rose
... These tissues are tightly controlled by external signals: the levels of the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon, the adrenal hormones epinephrine and cortisol, and, in the case of skeletal muscle, the neuronal signals that govern muscle contraction. The following description of events simplifie ...
... These tissues are tightly controlled by external signals: the levels of the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon, the adrenal hormones epinephrine and cortisol, and, in the case of skeletal muscle, the neuronal signals that govern muscle contraction. The following description of events simplifie ...
DG o
... arbitrarily set start and end points for ease of learning and reference pathways can take different forms: 1) linear - product of one reaction is substrate for another e.g. glycolysis 2) cyclic - regeneration of intermediates e.g. Krebs cycle 3) spiral - same set of enzymes is used repeatedly -o ...
... arbitrarily set start and end points for ease of learning and reference pathways can take different forms: 1) linear - product of one reaction is substrate for another e.g. glycolysis 2) cyclic - regeneration of intermediates e.g. Krebs cycle 3) spiral - same set of enzymes is used repeatedly -o ...
Biological Pathways I
... • DNA code sequence • mRNA transcription processing • Translation by ribosomes • Chain (polymer) of amino acids ...
... • DNA code sequence • mRNA transcription processing • Translation by ribosomes • Chain (polymer) of amino acids ...
Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes
... Examples: plants + some microorganisms (bacteria and protists) ...
... Examples: plants + some microorganisms (bacteria and protists) ...
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
... Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are both occurring in the cytoplasm The one is not simply the reversal of the other 7 of the glycolytic reactions are freely reversible and the enzymes catalyzing them also operate in gluconeogenesis 3 reactions of glycolysis are essentially irreversible (large ...
... Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are both occurring in the cytoplasm The one is not simply the reversal of the other 7 of the glycolytic reactions are freely reversible and the enzymes catalyzing them also operate in gluconeogenesis 3 reactions of glycolysis are essentially irreversible (large ...
Perspectives in Nutrition, 8th Edition
... For cells that are not capable of aerobic respiration (lack mitochondria; e.g., RBCs) or need to produce energy in the absence of oxygen (e.g., during intense ...
... For cells that are not capable of aerobic respiration (lack mitochondria; e.g., RBCs) or need to produce energy in the absence of oxygen (e.g., during intense ...
Biochemistry of Cardiac Muscle and Lung
... transporter in the sarcolema – GLUT-4 (lesser extent GLUT-1). ...
... transporter in the sarcolema – GLUT-4 (lesser extent GLUT-1). ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
... 1. release of glucose from the large glycogen stores in the liver (glycogenolysis) 2. synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, and amino acids in liver (gluconeogenesis) 3. release of fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis) ...
... 1. release of glucose from the large glycogen stores in the liver (glycogenolysis) 2. synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, and amino acids in liver (gluconeogenesis) 3. release of fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis) ...
An overview of Metabolism - Harford Community College
... phosphate to fructose-6-phophate making it Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate. This reaction requires 1 ATP. ...
... phosphate to fructose-6-phophate making it Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate. This reaction requires 1 ATP. ...
221_exam_2_2003
... In the first section of this class we discussed stromatolites which are fossilized microbial mat communities. The microbial mats consisted of layers of different prokaryotic phototrophs. Based on what you have learned about the properties of the different kinds of phototrophs in this section of the ...
... In the first section of this class we discussed stromatolites which are fossilized microbial mat communities. The microbial mats consisted of layers of different prokaryotic phototrophs. Based on what you have learned about the properties of the different kinds of phototrophs in this section of the ...
Introduction: More and more researchers are discovering that many
... of the defect. Note: This should also include the fate of the product of the chosen enzyme, whether or not the entire cycle will continue to function, as well as the fate of the cycle products and their contribution to ATP production. This is a hypothetical defect, so the explanation should not incl ...
... of the defect. Note: This should also include the fate of the product of the chosen enzyme, whether or not the entire cycle will continue to function, as well as the fate of the cycle products and their contribution to ATP production. This is a hypothetical defect, so the explanation should not incl ...
Cellular Respiration - UNT's College of Education
... Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the expense of 2 ATP 6-C glucose TWO 3-C pyruvates Free e- and H+ combine with organic ion carriers called NAD+ NADH + H+ (nicotinamide dinucleotide) ...
... Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the expense of 2 ATP 6-C glucose TWO 3-C pyruvates Free e- and H+ combine with organic ion carriers called NAD+ NADH + H+ (nicotinamide dinucleotide) ...
Cellular Metabolism and Nutrition notes
... • The process that releases energy from molecules of glucose and makes it available for cellular use. (In the form of ATP). • Includes 2 pathways – Aerobic - requires oxygen. – Anaerobic - no oxygen required. ...
... • The process that releases energy from molecules of glucose and makes it available for cellular use. (In the form of ATP). • Includes 2 pathways – Aerobic - requires oxygen. – Anaerobic - no oxygen required. ...
Intro to Metabolism
... b. NADPH is produced by its own specialized set of reactions XVII. General Scheme of Pentose Phosphate Pathway [S17] a. NADPH is produced in this way most commonly. b. This NADPH produced will later on be used by other biosynthetic pathways. XVIII. Three Stages of Cellular Respiration S18] a. Consid ...
... b. NADPH is produced by its own specialized set of reactions XVII. General Scheme of Pentose Phosphate Pathway [S17] a. NADPH is produced in this way most commonly. b. This NADPH produced will later on be used by other biosynthetic pathways. XVIII. Three Stages of Cellular Respiration S18] a. Consid ...
Document
... Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle) • Krebs Cycle, also known as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or citric acid cycle – uses decarboxylation and redox reactions ...
... Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle) • Krebs Cycle, also known as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or citric acid cycle – uses decarboxylation and redox reactions ...
Electron Transport Chain _ETC
... Energy-rich molecules, such as glucose, are metabolized by a series of oxidation reactions ultimately yielding Co2 and water. The metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specific coenzymes ( NAD+,FAD) and The reduced form of these coenzymes ( NADH,FADH2) can, in turn, each don ...
... Energy-rich molecules, such as glucose, are metabolized by a series of oxidation reactions ultimately yielding Co2 and water. The metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specific coenzymes ( NAD+,FAD) and The reduced form of these coenzymes ( NADH,FADH2) can, in turn, each don ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑