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Chem30BFA16 ReviewforMidtermExam3:McMurryChpts21-23 Ch21.Carbohydrates 1. Knowthedefinitionofcarbohydrates,monosaccharides,disaccharides,and polysaccharides. 2. Classifymonosaccharidesaccordingtotypeoffunctionalgroupandnumberofcarbons (eg.aldopentose). 3. Understandstereoisomerismofmonosaccharides: • Understandtheterms“opticallyactive,”chirality,enantiomers,anddiastereomers. • DrawFischerprojectionsforenantiomersanddiastereomersofmonosaccharides; givenstructures,beabletoidentifyD-andLenantiomersanddiastereomersof monosaccharides. 4. Understandthecyclizationreactionofmonosaccharides: • Understandthatthecyclizationreactionisahemiacetalformation. • GiventheFischerprojectionofalinearmonosaccharide,beabletodrawitscyclic (Haworth)structure. • Distinguishbetweenαandβanomers. • Understandmutarotation. 5. Understandtheoxidationreactionofmonosaccharidesanddisaccharides: • Understandwhyallmonosaccharidesareconsideredtobereducingsugars,even ketoses(We’velearnedthatketonescannotbeoxidized). • Identifywhichmonosaccharidesanddisaccharidesarereducingsugarsbasedontheir structure. 6. Understandthereactionofmonosaccharideswithalcoholstoformglycosidicbondand disaccharide: • Knowwhataglycosideis. • Drawreactionequationforglycosideformation,andhowthisreactionrelatesto hemiactalsandacetals. • Drawreactionequationfortheformationofadissacharide,giventhestructuresofthe monosaccharidereactants. • Alsobeabletodrawtheequation(includingcatalystrequired)forthereverse reactionofabove:hydrolysisofadisaccharide. • Beabletoidentifyanddrawglycosidiclinkages,usingcorrectcarbon-to-carbon linkageandα/βform. 7. Knowgeneralpropertiesof,andsimilaritiesanddifferencesamong,themonosaccharides glucose,galactose,andfructose;thedisaccharidesmaltose,lactose,andsucrose;andthe polysaccharidescellulose,amylose,amylopectin,andglycogen. Ch22.CarbohydrateMetabolism 8. Knowtheoverallcatabolicpathwayforthecompletecatabolismofdietarycarbohydrates: • Knowthemajorstepsandtheproducts(mainmetabolites,energycarriers)ofthose steps:digestion,glycolysis,pyruvateoxidation,citricacidcycle,andelectron transport/oxidativephosphorylation. • Beabletodrawstructureofthecellandthemitochondria(theirmembrane boundaries)andindicatethesitesofallthemajorstepsincarbohydratemetabolism. • CalculatethetotalyieldofATPfromthecompletecatabolismofamoleculeofglucose byaddinguptheATPandreducingcoenzymesfromeachstep(fromglycolysis, H.KimforChem30BFA2016 pyruvateoxidation,citricacidcycle,andelectrontransportchain/oxidative phosphorylation).Also,beabletodeterminetheATPyieldfromamoleculeof pyruvateandamoleculeofacetyl-CoA. 9. Explainwhyglucoseisimmediatelyphosphorylatedtobecomeglucose-6-phosphate whenitentersacell. 10. Understandglycolysis: • Knowoverallreactionequation,includinghowmanyATP,NADH,andpyruvateare formed. • Giventhestructureofeachintermediateinthepathway,explainwhatishappening chemicallyineachstep,thetypeofreaction(s),andthetypeofenzymethatcatalyzes thereaction. 11. Explainthethreedifferentpathwaysthatpyruvatecantake,dependingontheneedsof thecell.Knowreactionequationforeachpathway. 12. Explainhowtheglucoselevelinthebloodisregulatedwithinsulinandglucagon. Ch23.Lipids 13. Knowthedefinitionoflipids. 14. Knowwhatafattyacidis,andbeabletodrawone. 15. Knowthatfattyacidsinnaturealmostalwayshaveanevennumberofcarbonatoms.Also knowthatdoublebondsinnaturally-occurringfattyacidsarealmostalwayscis. 16. Recognizethestructuresof,andbeabletocategorize,thedifferentclassesoflipids.Know thefunctionsservedbyeachclassoflipidsinnature. 17. Beabletodrawthestructureofatriacylglycerol,itssynthesisfromglycerolandfatty acids,andithydrolysistoglycerolandfattyacids. 18. Knowthedifferencebetweenfatandoil,andexplainthereasonforthedifferencesin theirmeltingpoints. 19. Knowthechemistryoftriacylglycerols:(1)hydrogenationand(2)saponification.Beable todrawequationsforthesereactions. 20. Knowhowsoapsanddetergentscleanoffgrease. 21. Knowthestructureandcomponentsofacellmembrane. 22. Knowthedifferencebetweenpassivetransport(simpleandfacilitateddiffusion)and activetransport,andtheirmechanisms. *Duringtheexam,youwillhaveaccesstothediagramsofglycolysisandcitricacidcyclefrom handouts,withthenamesofenzymesremoved. CheckoutProf.Fossum’swebsiteforsampleproblemsfortheexam(NOTE:TheseareSAMPLES ofquestion;theyarenotcomprehensive!): http://www.laney.edu/wp/cheli-fossum/files/2012/01/Exam-3-Sp12-30B.pdf Keytoabovequestions:http://www.laney.edu/wp/cheli-fossum/files/2012/01/30B-Exam3-S12-Key662.pdf H.KimforChem30BFA2016