Download Exam 3 Review

Chem30BFA16
ReviewforMidtermExam3:McMurryChpts21-23
Ch21.Carbohydrates
1. Knowthedefinitionofcarbohydrates,monosaccharides,disaccharides,and
polysaccharides.
2. Classifymonosaccharidesaccordingtotypeoffunctionalgroupandnumberofcarbons
(eg.aldopentose).
3. Understandstereoisomerismofmonosaccharides:
• Understandtheterms“opticallyactive,”chirality,enantiomers,anddiastereomers.
• DrawFischerprojectionsforenantiomersanddiastereomersofmonosaccharides;
givenstructures,beabletoidentifyD-andLenantiomersanddiastereomersof
monosaccharides.
4. Understandthecyclizationreactionofmonosaccharides:
• Understandthatthecyclizationreactionisahemiacetalformation.
• GiventheFischerprojectionofalinearmonosaccharide,beabletodrawitscyclic
(Haworth)structure.
• Distinguishbetweenαandβanomers.
• Understandmutarotation.
5. Understandtheoxidationreactionofmonosaccharidesanddisaccharides:
• Understandwhyallmonosaccharidesareconsideredtobereducingsugars,even
ketoses(We’velearnedthatketonescannotbeoxidized).
• Identifywhichmonosaccharidesanddisaccharidesarereducingsugarsbasedontheir
structure.
6. Understandthereactionofmonosaccharideswithalcoholstoformglycosidicbondand
disaccharide:
• Knowwhataglycosideis.
• Drawreactionequationforglycosideformation,andhowthisreactionrelatesto
hemiactalsandacetals.
• Drawreactionequationfortheformationofadissacharide,giventhestructuresofthe
monosaccharidereactants.
• Alsobeabletodrawtheequation(includingcatalystrequired)forthereverse
reactionofabove:hydrolysisofadisaccharide.
• Beabletoidentifyanddrawglycosidiclinkages,usingcorrectcarbon-to-carbon
linkageandα/βform.
7. Knowgeneralpropertiesof,andsimilaritiesanddifferencesamong,themonosaccharides
glucose,galactose,andfructose;thedisaccharidesmaltose,lactose,andsucrose;andthe
polysaccharidescellulose,amylose,amylopectin,andglycogen.
Ch22.CarbohydrateMetabolism
8. Knowtheoverallcatabolicpathwayforthecompletecatabolismofdietarycarbohydrates:
• Knowthemajorstepsandtheproducts(mainmetabolites,energycarriers)ofthose
steps:digestion,glycolysis,pyruvateoxidation,citricacidcycle,andelectron
transport/oxidativephosphorylation.
• Beabletodrawstructureofthecellandthemitochondria(theirmembrane
boundaries)andindicatethesitesofallthemajorstepsincarbohydratemetabolism.
• CalculatethetotalyieldofATPfromthecompletecatabolismofamoleculeofglucose
byaddinguptheATPandreducingcoenzymesfromeachstep(fromglycolysis,
H.KimforChem30BFA2016
pyruvateoxidation,citricacidcycle,andelectrontransportchain/oxidative
phosphorylation).Also,beabletodeterminetheATPyieldfromamoleculeof
pyruvateandamoleculeofacetyl-CoA.
9. Explainwhyglucoseisimmediatelyphosphorylatedtobecomeglucose-6-phosphate
whenitentersacell.
10. Understandglycolysis:
• Knowoverallreactionequation,includinghowmanyATP,NADH,andpyruvateare
formed.
• Giventhestructureofeachintermediateinthepathway,explainwhatishappening
chemicallyineachstep,thetypeofreaction(s),andthetypeofenzymethatcatalyzes
thereaction.
11. Explainthethreedifferentpathwaysthatpyruvatecantake,dependingontheneedsof
thecell.Knowreactionequationforeachpathway.
12. Explainhowtheglucoselevelinthebloodisregulatedwithinsulinandglucagon.
Ch23.Lipids
13. Knowthedefinitionoflipids.
14. Knowwhatafattyacidis,andbeabletodrawone.
15. Knowthatfattyacidsinnaturealmostalwayshaveanevennumberofcarbonatoms.Also
knowthatdoublebondsinnaturally-occurringfattyacidsarealmostalwayscis.
16. Recognizethestructuresof,andbeabletocategorize,thedifferentclassesoflipids.Know
thefunctionsservedbyeachclassoflipidsinnature.
17. Beabletodrawthestructureofatriacylglycerol,itssynthesisfromglycerolandfatty
acids,andithydrolysistoglycerolandfattyacids.
18. Knowthedifferencebetweenfatandoil,andexplainthereasonforthedifferencesin
theirmeltingpoints.
19. Knowthechemistryoftriacylglycerols:(1)hydrogenationand(2)saponification.Beable
todrawequationsforthesereactions.
20. Knowhowsoapsanddetergentscleanoffgrease.
21. Knowthestructureandcomponentsofacellmembrane.
22. Knowthedifferencebetweenpassivetransport(simpleandfacilitateddiffusion)and
activetransport,andtheirmechanisms.
*Duringtheexam,youwillhaveaccesstothediagramsofglycolysisandcitricacidcyclefrom
handouts,withthenamesofenzymesremoved.
CheckoutProf.Fossum’swebsiteforsampleproblemsfortheexam(NOTE:TheseareSAMPLES
ofquestion;theyarenotcomprehensive!):
http://www.laney.edu/wp/cheli-fossum/files/2012/01/Exam-3-Sp12-30B.pdf
Keytoabovequestions:http://www.laney.edu/wp/cheli-fossum/files/2012/01/30B-Exam3-S12-Key662.pdf
H.KimforChem30BFA2016