Handout
... Coupling of these reactions is made possible through ATP So… what does he mean by coupling?” energy retrieved from catabolism is stored in ATP and later released to drive anabolic reactions ...
... Coupling of these reactions is made possible through ATP So… what does he mean by coupling?” energy retrieved from catabolism is stored in ATP and later released to drive anabolic reactions ...
... In addition to compartmentalizing the metabolic pathways and physiological states of the cell, mitochondria generate much of the cellular energy, regulate the cellular oxidation–reduction (redox) state, produce most of the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), buffer cellular Ca2+ and initiate cel ...
Energy Systems
... Glycolysis - The first stage is known as glycolysis, which produces 2 ATP molecules, 2 reduced molecules of NAD (NADH), and 2 pyruvate molecules which move on to the next stage - the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of normal body cells, or the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. The Kre ...
... Glycolysis - The first stage is known as glycolysis, which produces 2 ATP molecules, 2 reduced molecules of NAD (NADH), and 2 pyruvate molecules which move on to the next stage - the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of normal body cells, or the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. The Kre ...
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) regulate receptor function
... Glucagon restores blood-glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Glucagon also stimulates fatty-acid mobilization from adipose tissue, causing a shift in fuel utilization in muscle from glucose to fatty acid. ...
... Glucagon restores blood-glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Glucagon also stimulates fatty-acid mobilization from adipose tissue, causing a shift in fuel utilization in muscle from glucose to fatty acid. ...
NME2.28: fat and carbohydrate metabolism in the
... o Acetyl-CoA is converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase o Malonyl-CoA is converted into a fatty acid by fatty acid synthase using NADPH Hormonal control of fatty acid synthesis is through: o Insulin – activates PDH and acetyl-CoA carboxylase promoting fatty acid synthesis o Glucagon – inh ...
... o Acetyl-CoA is converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase o Malonyl-CoA is converted into a fatty acid by fatty acid synthase using NADPH Hormonal control of fatty acid synthesis is through: o Insulin – activates PDH and acetyl-CoA carboxylase promoting fatty acid synthesis o Glucagon – inh ...
Carbon Compounds
... Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Made of monomers called AMINO ACIDS Amino Acids are joined by peptide bonds, therefore another name for a protein is POLYPEPTIDE There are 4 levels of structural organization ...
... Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Made of monomers called AMINO ACIDS Amino Acids are joined by peptide bonds, therefore another name for a protein is POLYPEPTIDE There are 4 levels of structural organization ...
C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 6 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP
... What is the chemical or pigment that traps light energy, it is also found in the thylakoid membrane? ...
... What is the chemical or pigment that traps light energy, it is also found in the thylakoid membrane? ...
Chapter 9 Lecture Notes
... In respiration, the electrons of NADH are ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, even more ATP is generated from the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle. Without oxygen, the energy still stored in pyruvate is unavailable to the cell. Under aerobic res ...
... In respiration, the electrons of NADH are ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, even more ATP is generated from the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle. Without oxygen, the energy still stored in pyruvate is unavailable to the cell. Under aerobic res ...
L20_StvnWAT
... • After ~2-3 days of starvation, the rate of lipolysis approaches a maximum – FA released into bloodstream [FA]blood – There is a limit to how fast muscles will use FA • rate of b-oxidation depends on the demand of ATP by the muscles • Regeneration of CoA by Krebs cycle needed to keep FA oxida ...
... • After ~2-3 days of starvation, the rate of lipolysis approaches a maximum – FA released into bloodstream [FA]blood – There is a limit to how fast muscles will use FA • rate of b-oxidation depends on the demand of ATP by the muscles • Regeneration of CoA by Krebs cycle needed to keep FA oxida ...
chapter9sganswers
... evolution as a process to make ATP? Early atmosphere had little oxygen, so organisms had to produce ATP without oxygen. When Oxygen became more abundant with rise of photosynthetic plants, process of cell respiration was created as a more lucrative way to make energy 9.6_____________________________ ...
... evolution as a process to make ATP? Early atmosphere had little oxygen, so organisms had to produce ATP without oxygen. When Oxygen became more abundant with rise of photosynthetic plants, process of cell respiration was created as a more lucrative way to make energy 9.6_____________________________ ...
doc
... Cellular respiration is an example of a metabolic pathway, which is a series of chemical reactions in cells. ...
... Cellular respiration is an example of a metabolic pathway, which is a series of chemical reactions in cells. ...
cellular respiration study guide
... 3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy? ...
... 3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy? ...
CHAPTER 12 – RESPIRATION
... anaerobically for a short period. The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted, in a single step, to lactate. The enzyme responsible for this conversion is lactate dehydrogenase, and the process requires hydrogen from reduced NAD. It is the build-up of lactate, which forms lactic acid, in muscle ...
... anaerobically for a short period. The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted, in a single step, to lactate. The enzyme responsible for this conversion is lactate dehydrogenase, and the process requires hydrogen from reduced NAD. It is the build-up of lactate, which forms lactic acid, in muscle ...
Rearrange the sentences into the correct sequence
... to glucose so that more glucose enters cells (e.g. muscle cells, but not liver cells) ...
... to glucose so that more glucose enters cells (e.g. muscle cells, but not liver cells) ...
RESPIRATION
... • Organic nutrients which are synthesized inside the plant by anabolic processes (photosynthesis,fat synthesis and protein synthesis). • Respired completely to CO2 and H2O. • Under natural conditions only carbohydrates are oxidized(floating respiration). • If carbohydrates are used up & shortage bec ...
... • Organic nutrients which are synthesized inside the plant by anabolic processes (photosynthesis,fat synthesis and protein synthesis). • Respired completely to CO2 and H2O. • Under natural conditions only carbohydrates are oxidized(floating respiration). • If carbohydrates are used up & shortage bec ...
Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
Metabolism: Introduction
... metabolism of acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids acetyl oxidized to CO2 operates under aerobic conditions reduction of coenzymes NAD+ and FAD; energy used to produce ATP ...
... metabolism of acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate, fatty acids, and amino acids acetyl oxidized to CO2 operates under aerobic conditions reduction of coenzymes NAD+ and FAD; energy used to produce ATP ...
Slide 1 - Denton ISD
... Thymine. In RNA Uracil replaces Thymine. structurally similar to fats but a phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acid chains, thus giving this molecule a POLAR and NONPOLAR region. Structurally form two layers to create the plasma membrane vital to all cells. ...
... Thymine. In RNA Uracil replaces Thymine. structurally similar to fats but a phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acid chains, thus giving this molecule a POLAR and NONPOLAR region. Structurally form two layers to create the plasma membrane vital to all cells. ...
4f03125
... Which of the following statements concerning metabolism of proteins is true: proteins are stored in the pancreas for later use proteins can be removed from the diet with almost no adverse effects proteins are broken down into amino acids, which circulate in the body’s amino acid pool for use in buil ...
... Which of the following statements concerning metabolism of proteins is true: proteins are stored in the pancreas for later use proteins can be removed from the diet with almost no adverse effects proteins are broken down into amino acids, which circulate in the body’s amino acid pool for use in buil ...
Solutions for Biochemistry Unit Exam
... It is believed that prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen. The first cells were anaerobic and likely absorbed free organic compounds from the primordial seas. At some point, free organic compounds were limiting, and cells needed a way to produce them. Photosynthetic organisms used H2S ...
... It is believed that prebiotic earth had an atmosphere that lacked oxygen. The first cells were anaerobic and likely absorbed free organic compounds from the primordial seas. At some point, free organic compounds were limiting, and cells needed a way to produce them. Photosynthetic organisms used H2S ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑