Metabolism
... Covalent bonds (in which two atoms share electrons) are the strongest bonds within protein and exist in the primary structure itself. Covalent bonds can also exist as disulphide bridges. These occur when cysteine side chains within a protein are oxidised resulting in a covalent link between the two ...
... Covalent bonds (in which two atoms share electrons) are the strongest bonds within protein and exist in the primary structure itself. Covalent bonds can also exist as disulphide bridges. These occur when cysteine side chains within a protein are oxidised resulting in a covalent link between the two ...
CHO PPT
... INFECTION FROM SMALL INTESTINE FROM VIRUSES OR BACTERIA,WHICH MAY DAMAGE THE CELLS(MOST OFTEN IN CASE OF CHILDREN) ...
... INFECTION FROM SMALL INTESTINE FROM VIRUSES OR BACTERIA,WHICH MAY DAMAGE THE CELLS(MOST OFTEN IN CASE OF CHILDREN) ...
Final Exam Review
... 3. Give examples ( from throughout the course) of the four types of chemical reactions seen in biological systems. 4. Describe the structure of the following molecules and where each is found: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen. What are the type of linkages that hold these macromolecules together? 5. L ...
... 3. Give examples ( from throughout the course) of the four types of chemical reactions seen in biological systems. 4. Describe the structure of the following molecules and where each is found: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen. What are the type of linkages that hold these macromolecules together? 5. L ...
Nucleotide Metabolism
... • Fast, reversible, driven by high [ATP] • NMPNDP catalyzed by specific nucleoside monophosphate kinase • NDPNTP catalyzed by nonspecific kinase • AMP + ATP ADP + ADP important in energy balance ...
... • Fast, reversible, driven by high [ATP] • NMPNDP catalyzed by specific nucleoside monophosphate kinase • NDPNTP catalyzed by nonspecific kinase • AMP + ATP ADP + ADP important in energy balance ...
![Biochemistry_and_Digestion_2010[1]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008289894_1-a2dae968af20e40d29d6bcd9c3fab727-300x300.png)
2. The citric acid cycle
... • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H 2O Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H 2O Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
File
... e) All of the above. 6) _____ is used to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria. a) Phytate b) Creatine c) Carnitine d) Acyl carrier protein e) Carrone 7) Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form ________. a) Acetoacetyl-CoA b) Butyryl-CoA c) Propionyl-CoA d) Mal ...
... e) All of the above. 6) _____ is used to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria. a) Phytate b) Creatine c) Carnitine d) Acyl carrier protein e) Carrone 7) Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form ________. a) Acetoacetyl-CoA b) Butyryl-CoA c) Propionyl-CoA d) Mal ...
the lecture in Powerpoint Format
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
here - Sites@PSU
... Lactococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp. Leuconostoc sp. Pediococcus sp. Oenococcus sp. Streptococcus sp. Enterococcus sp. Sporolactobacillus sp. Carnobacterium sp. Aerococcus sp. Tetragenococcus sp. Vagococcus sp. Weisella sp. ...
... Lactococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp. Leuconostoc sp. Pediococcus sp. Oenococcus sp. Streptococcus sp. Enterococcus sp. Sporolactobacillus sp. Carnobacterium sp. Aerococcus sp. Tetragenococcus sp. Vagococcus sp. Weisella sp. ...
DISCLAIMER: This lecture outline is intended to help you take notes
... Glycolysis - glucose (C6) ➞ 2 pyruvate (C3) - ten reactions - in cytosol - exergonic - ATP formed - oxidative - NADH formed - Stage 1 - glucose ➞ 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - five reactions - uses 2 ATP - Stage 2 - 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ➞ 2 pyruvate - five reactions - produces four ATP, two ...
... Glycolysis - glucose (C6) ➞ 2 pyruvate (C3) - ten reactions - in cytosol - exergonic - ATP formed - oxidative - NADH formed - Stage 1 - glucose ➞ 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - five reactions - uses 2 ATP - Stage 2 - 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ➞ 2 pyruvate - five reactions - produces four ATP, two ...
Energetics - The Practical Educator
... • Simple sugar; monomer • Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen 1:2:1 • (CH2O)n n is 3-8 ...
... • Simple sugar; monomer • Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen 1:2:1 • (CH2O)n n is 3-8 ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
Energy Systems
... Make an A4 poster, presenting what you have learned from todays lesson on ATP. - Use the PowerPoint and internet to produce the poster… using information that has been synthesised by yourself and also having sourced your own pictures and illustrations. ...
... Make an A4 poster, presenting what you have learned from todays lesson on ATP. - Use the PowerPoint and internet to produce the poster… using information that has been synthesised by yourself and also having sourced your own pictures and illustrations. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
... – is an important enzyme in oxidizing glucose, – accepts electrons, and – becomes reduced to NADH. ...
... – is an important enzyme in oxidizing glucose, – accepts electrons, and – becomes reduced to NADH. ...
T Dx test II
... a. their target cells must formulate new proteins before an effect can take place b. second messengers act slowly c. they are large molecules and move slowly through the blood d. because they are large polar molecules, they do not enter cells easily e. they are synthesized in very small quantities b ...
... a. their target cells must formulate new proteins before an effect can take place b. second messengers act slowly c. they are large molecules and move slowly through the blood d. because they are large polar molecules, they do not enter cells easily e. they are synthesized in very small quantities b ...
GLYCOLYSIS UP - Hudson City Schools / Homepage
... Carbon dioxide Water Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Ethanol ...
... Carbon dioxide Water Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Ethanol ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Indiana University
... • Fast, reversible, driven by high [ATP] • NMPNDP catalyzed by specific nucleoside monophosphate kinase • NDPNTP catalyzed by nonspecific kinase • AMP + ATP ADP + ADP important in energy balance ...
... • Fast, reversible, driven by high [ATP] • NMPNDP catalyzed by specific nucleoside monophosphate kinase • NDPNTP catalyzed by nonspecific kinase • AMP + ATP ADP + ADP important in energy balance ...
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
... • In vivo, P/O ratio closer to 2.5 and 1.5 due to other proton “leaking” – i.e. importing phosphate ...
... • In vivo, P/O ratio closer to 2.5 and 1.5 due to other proton “leaking” – i.e. importing phosphate ...
ATP - HEDCen Science
... anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration. • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, ...
... anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration. • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
... • Glycolysis is the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate. • Catabolic pathway during which Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces pyruvate & ATP • Follow the next few slides on pages 169 ...
... • Glycolysis is the decomposition (lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate. • Catabolic pathway during which Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars, which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise process that produces pyruvate & ATP • Follow the next few slides on pages 169 ...
Chapter 3 Bioenergetics
... ∆HvH and ∆H DSC may not be the same if the process is cooperative or there are molecular interaction involved. ...
... ∆HvH and ∆H DSC may not be the same if the process is cooperative or there are molecular interaction involved. ...
Biochemistry 2
... Enantiomers- isomers that are mirror images of each other Functional group- Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- consisting of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphates that w ...
... Enantiomers- isomers that are mirror images of each other Functional group- Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- consisting of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphates that w ...
Unit 3 * Chapter 3 Biochemistry
... _______________________– the linking together of monomers to form a polymer – water is removed (condensed) from this reaction. Ex.) ________ + ________ → _______ + ________ - See figure 3-8, page 54 ____________ – Exact reverse of the Condensation reaction above. Water is added to cause the breakdo ...
... _______________________– the linking together of monomers to form a polymer – water is removed (condensed) from this reaction. Ex.) ________ + ________ → _______ + ________ - See figure 3-8, page 54 ____________ – Exact reverse of the Condensation reaction above. Water is added to cause the breakdo ...
2.2 reading study guide
... 11. Cells use ______________________ to break down food. 12. Many cells are able to get energy without using oxygen through a process called ______________________. 13. Why is breathing important to many organisms? ____________________________________________________________________ ________________ ...
... 11. Cells use ______________________ to break down food. 12. Many cells are able to get energy without using oxygen through a process called ______________________. 13. Why is breathing important to many organisms? ____________________________________________________________________ ________________ ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑