Slide 1
... • Can be used directly by the cell for energy, stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver or converted to fat • The function of the liver is to convert glycogen into glucose when it is needed for energy production ...
... • Can be used directly by the cell for energy, stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver or converted to fat • The function of the liver is to convert glycogen into glucose when it is needed for energy production ...
Enzymes
... • Km (MichaelisMenten constant) reflects affinity of enzyme for its substrate • smaller the Km, the greater the affinity an enzyme has for its substrate ...
... • Km (MichaelisMenten constant) reflects affinity of enzyme for its substrate • smaller the Km, the greater the affinity an enzyme has for its substrate ...
Biomolecules Review Worksheets 14 KEY
... ATP breaks down into a molecule of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a free phosphate group. This reacon releases energy. With 7 valence e‐ carbon would then only be able to make one bond. This would result in far fewer molecular arrangement opons. ...
... ATP breaks down into a molecule of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a free phosphate group. This reacon releases energy. With 7 valence e‐ carbon would then only be able to make one bond. This would result in far fewer molecular arrangement opons. ...
Analysis of energy metabolism in acetic acid bacteria during
... In both A. aceti and A. pasteurianus, the genes for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes were found to be significantly repressed when ethanol was present in the medium, even in the presence of glucose or acetate.1,2) Acetobacter species are able to produce proton motive force that is used for ...
... In both A. aceti and A. pasteurianus, the genes for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes were found to be significantly repressed when ethanol was present in the medium, even in the presence of glucose or acetate.1,2) Acetobacter species are able to produce proton motive force that is used for ...
4.4.1 Respiration
... Glycolysis Location - Cytoplasm of the cell Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway involving ten enzyme controlled reactions. For the A level examination, you only need to know the pathway in outline Glycolysis is the first pathway of aerobic respiration. It also occurs in anaerobic respiration in which ...
... Glycolysis Location - Cytoplasm of the cell Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway involving ten enzyme controlled reactions. For the A level examination, you only need to know the pathway in outline Glycolysis is the first pathway of aerobic respiration. It also occurs in anaerobic respiration in which ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... The first stage in breaking down a glucose molecule, called glycolysis (splitting sugar), takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the cell. ...
... The first stage in breaking down a glucose molecule, called glycolysis (splitting sugar), takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the cell. ...
2chap9guidedreadingVideo
... 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced? HINT: In organic chemistry the electrons in redox reactions are usually between C and H so if a carbon compound has H in it, it is reduced and has potential energy. ...
... 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced? HINT: In organic chemistry the electrons in redox reactions are usually between C and H so if a carbon compound has H in it, it is reduced and has potential energy. ...
Topic 2 Molecular Biology
... • Humans and many other organisms store energy by using glucose to make_______, and making triglycerides to store energy as______. • Triglycerides can be broken down (hydrolysis) and used in the reactions of cellular respiration to make ____, just as glucose is. • Triglycerides have ______ the energ ...
... • Humans and many other organisms store energy by using glucose to make_______, and making triglycerides to store energy as______. • Triglycerides can be broken down (hydrolysis) and used in the reactions of cellular respiration to make ____, just as glucose is. • Triglycerides have ______ the energ ...
Macromolecules
... Instant / immediate energy source Main energy transport molecule & source for metabolism All digested carbohydrates broken down to this for absorption in the small intestine. Only fuel used by the brain/nervous tissue ...
... Instant / immediate energy source Main energy transport molecule & source for metabolism All digested carbohydrates broken down to this for absorption in the small intestine. Only fuel used by the brain/nervous tissue ...
Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration
... 2. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. An enzyme transfers the pair of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH. 3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form the very reactive molecule acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is now ready to feed its acetyl group into the citric acid cycle for furth ...
... 2. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. An enzyme transfers the pair of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH. 3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form the very reactive molecule acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is now ready to feed its acetyl group into the citric acid cycle for furth ...
Lecture #22 - Suraj @ LUMS
... - Lactate & pyruvate: mainly come from muscles. - Glycerol: supplied by adipose tissue when triglycerides are broken down. - Fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose, but: Fatty acid metabolism indirectly supports gluconeogenesis by producing AcetylCoA. AcetylCoA activates and inhibits key enzym ...
... - Lactate & pyruvate: mainly come from muscles. - Glycerol: supplied by adipose tissue when triglycerides are broken down. - Fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose, but: Fatty acid metabolism indirectly supports gluconeogenesis by producing AcetylCoA. AcetylCoA activates and inhibits key enzym ...
Lecture notes Chapter 27-28
... energy reserves by synthesizing glycogen that is stored in limited amounts in our skeletal muscle and liver. When glycogen stores are full, any remaining glucose in converted to triacylglycerols and stored as body fat. When our diet does not supply sufficient glucose, or we have utilized our blood g ...
... energy reserves by synthesizing glycogen that is stored in limited amounts in our skeletal muscle and liver. When glycogen stores are full, any remaining glucose in converted to triacylglycerols and stored as body fat. When our diet does not supply sufficient glucose, or we have utilized our blood g ...
Carbohydrates Metabolism OVERVIEW Carbohydrates (saccharides
... anaerobic glycolysis in eukaryotic cells. The formation of lactate is the major fate for pyruvate in the lens and cornea of the eye, kidney medulla, testes, leukocytes, and RBCs, because these are all poorly vascularized and/or lack mitochondria. 3. Energy yield from glycolysis Despite the productio ...
... anaerobic glycolysis in eukaryotic cells. The formation of lactate is the major fate for pyruvate in the lens and cornea of the eye, kidney medulla, testes, leukocytes, and RBCs, because these are all poorly vascularized and/or lack mitochondria. 3. Energy yield from glycolysis Despite the productio ...
IB-Respiration-2015
... reactions beyond glycolysis when all of their ATP that they can make has already been produced? What is the net gain of ATP as a result of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation? Why are anaerobes not able to produce as much ATP as aerobes? ...
... reactions beyond glycolysis when all of their ATP that they can make has already been produced? What is the net gain of ATP as a result of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation? Why are anaerobes not able to produce as much ATP as aerobes? ...
Energy For Muscular Activity - South Carleton HS Physical
... a) working muscles have sufficient mitochondria to meet energy requirements b) sufficient oxygen is supplied to the mitochondria c) enzymes or intermediate products do not limit the Kreb’s cycle ...
... a) working muscles have sufficient mitochondria to meet energy requirements b) sufficient oxygen is supplied to the mitochondria c) enzymes or intermediate products do not limit the Kreb’s cycle ...
Determine the blood glucose level
... catalyzes the oxidation of -D glucose to gluconolactone. It is isolated from molds, which aIso contain the mutarotase enzyme which enhances the conversion of -D glucose into the ß-D glucose form. As shown in the reaction scheme below, stoichiometric amount of H202 is also formed in the reaction. W ...
... catalyzes the oxidation of -D glucose to gluconolactone. It is isolated from molds, which aIso contain the mutarotase enzyme which enhances the conversion of -D glucose into the ß-D glucose form. As shown in the reaction scheme below, stoichiometric amount of H202 is also formed in the reaction. W ...
Secondary Products
... Insoluble in water Synthesized from acetyl-CoA or Glycolysis intermediates ...
... Insoluble in water Synthesized from acetyl-CoA or Glycolysis intermediates ...
LAB 4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION and GLUCOSE
... Some cells carry out glycolysis and then proceed to metabolize pyruvic acid anaerobically by the process of fermentation. When a yeast cell carries out fermentation the end products are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Other cells will produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid by fermentation. For exam ...
... Some cells carry out glycolysis and then proceed to metabolize pyruvic acid anaerobically by the process of fermentation. When a yeast cell carries out fermentation the end products are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Other cells will produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid by fermentation. For exam ...
Practice AP Multiple Choice Exam 1 Do NOT write on this! 1. Which
... c. ATP, CO2, H2O d. ATP, NADPH2, O2 e. CO2, H+, PGAL 78. Which of the following enzymes is responsible for CO2 fixation in C3 plants? a. Succinate dehydrogenase b. Rubisco c. Hekokinase d. Amylase e. PEP carboxylase 79. All energy on Earth ultimately comes from a. ATP b. Glucose c. Oxygen d. The sun ...
... c. ATP, CO2, H2O d. ATP, NADPH2, O2 e. CO2, H+, PGAL 78. Which of the following enzymes is responsible for CO2 fixation in C3 plants? a. Succinate dehydrogenase b. Rubisco c. Hekokinase d. Amylase e. PEP carboxylase 79. All energy on Earth ultimately comes from a. ATP b. Glucose c. Oxygen d. The sun ...
6-1
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
Biology Midterm Review
... Section 2 – Pigment, chlorophyll, carotenoid, thylakoid, electron transport chain, NADPH, carbon dioxide fixation, Calvin cycle. Section 3- Aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, NADH, Krebs cycle, FADH2, fermentation. ...
... Section 2 – Pigment, chlorophyll, carotenoid, thylakoid, electron transport chain, NADPH, carbon dioxide fixation, Calvin cycle. Section 3- Aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, NADH, Krebs cycle, FADH2, fermentation. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑